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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which bones make up the viscerocranium?
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mandible
maxillae nasal lacrimal palatine vomer zygomatic |
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which bones make up the neurocranium?
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frontal
occipital parietal sphenoid ethmoid temporal |
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which bone features the medial maleolus?
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tibia
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which bone features the lateral maleolus?
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fibula
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what are the important features of the scapula?
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acromion, glenoid fossa, coracoid process, spine
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what is the function of transverse foramena on cervical vertebrae?
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conduct vertebral arteries (blood supply to brain)
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what is the spatial relationship between the radius and ulna?
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radius is lateral to ulna.
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with respect to the ankle joint, what does it mean to invert or evert the joint?
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start with foot flat on floor
inversion = tilt soles together eversion = tilt soles away from each other |
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what is flexion? what is extension?
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flexion = movement that decreases angle of a joint
extension = increases angle of a joint. |
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which bones feature sinuses?
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ethmoid
sphenoid maxilla frontal |
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from superficial to deep, what is the order of the bones in a sagittal section through the skull?
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nasal
maxilla lacrimal ethmoid sphenoid |
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name 5 bones that articulate with the ethmoid bone.
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frontal
sphenoid nasal vomer lacrimal |
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what is the calvaria?
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the skullcap, composed of the frontal, parietal, and occipetal bones.
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when do the sacral vertebrae fuse?
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from age 16-26
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where are osteogenic cells found?
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in the endosteum (inner layer of periosteum), and within central canals of osteons.
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What happens when bones are collagen deficient or calcium deficient?
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no collagen --> brittle
no calcium ---> soft (sloppy construction of matrix makes them weak.) |
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How do the osteocytes get nutrients?
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canaliculi and gap junctions conduct nutrients from central canals of osteons.
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role of osteocytes?
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maintenance of bone matrix
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role of osteoblasts?
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deposition of bone tissue.
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role of osteoclasts?
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resorption of bone tissue by secretion of H+/Cl-
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role of osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells?
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multiply continually; give rise to osteoblasts. they are the only source of new osteoblasts because OB are nonmitotic.
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where are osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells found?
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in the endosteum.
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7 Functions of the skeleton?
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1. support
2. movement 3. detoxification 4. protection 5. pH balance 6. ion balance 7. blood formation |
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What is a La Fort fracture type III?
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craniofacial separation: skull fracture through middle of orbital cavity. CSF leaks into nasal cavity.
often due to impact to nasal bridge or upper maxilla. |
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What is a blowout fracture?
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fracture of the walls or floor of the orbit, usually by blunt trauma to the eye area.
hit eye --> increase orbital pressure --> orbital bones fracture. |
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Why is it so important to “warm up” before vigorous exercise?
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thins synovial fluid --> articular cartilage can absorb it and become cushier.
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What type of joint is the midline of the mandible?
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bony joint; immobile
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What are the 4 main classes of joints from least to most mobile?
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bony, fibrous, cartilaginous & synovial
synovial most mobile |
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What does it mean to retract the scapula?
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retraction = adduction = movement toward the spine.
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What does it mean to adduct?
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Adduction is a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the sagittal plane (midline) of the body.
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What does it mean to abduct a part of your body?
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not steal it.
move it so that it moves away from the sagittal plane (midline) of the body. |
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What is dorsiflexion?
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Flexion of the entire foot superiorly, as if taking one's foot off an automobile pedal.
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What is Plantarflexion?
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Flexion of the entire foot inferiorly, as if pressing an automobile pedal. Occurs at ankle.
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What is Protrusion (of a joint)?
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The anterior movement of an object. This term is often applied to the jaw.
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What is Circumduction?
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The circular/conical movement of a body part. Consists of a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction. ex. "Windmilling" the arms or rotating the hand from the wrist
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What is pronation with respect to the hands?
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Rotation of arm so that hand is palm down
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What is supination with respect to the hand?
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rotation of arm so that hand is palm up
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List the four body cavities.
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DORSAL: cranial and vertebral cavities
VENTRAL: thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
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What is auscultation?
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listening to a part of the body (as w/a stethoscope)
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What was Galen's contribution to anatomy?
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Roman physician
dissected humans, animals, made anatomical drawings that were used throughout the Dark Ages |
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What was Vesalius' contribution to anatomy?
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Renaissance physician
dissatisfied with Galen's drawings so set out to redraw and dissect everything |
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What does inguinal mean?
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pertaining to the groin
area around the crease that forms when you lift your knee up toward your chest |
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What is a potential space?
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a space in the body that doesn't normally exist.
ex. space between lungs and ribs |
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What embryonic structure develops into the ventral body cavity?
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the coelom
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What is the order of tissue layers in a synovial joint from superficial to deep?
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extracapsular ligaments
fibrous capsule synovial membrane synovial fluid articular cartilage (hyaline) bone |
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What is the order of tissue layers comprising a serosal membrane from superficial to deep?
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parietal membrane (tough, stuck to body wall)
serous fluid (watery, thin) visceral membrane (thin, stuck to organ) visceral organ itself. |
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What is the name for the serosal membrane surrounding the heart? The lungs?
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heart: pericardium
lungs: pleura |
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What will an MRI show that an X-ray won't?
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soft tissue.
soft tissue is radiolucent on an x-ray |
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The diaphragm only has 3 holes in it. what are they?
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aorta
esophagus vena cava |
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What must pass through serosa to and from the viscera?
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lymph via lymphatic vessels
blood via veins/arteries nerves air (in the case of the pleura) |
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What are the divisions of the thoracic cavity?
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2 pleural cavities
1 pericardial cavity |
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Location and function of the endosteum?
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interior face of periosteum, linings of perforating and central canals
contains osteoclasts/osteoblasts --> responsible for bone deposition and resorption. |
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Location and function of the periosteum?
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forms layer over entire surface of bone.
dense connective tissue that contains nerves and blood vessels; supplies nutrients to the bone. attachment site for tendons and ligaments. |
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Where is red marrow found in adults?
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vertebrae
pelvic girdle pectoral girdle sternum ribs head of humerus and femur |
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Functional difference between tendon and ligament?
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tendon connects muscle to bone
ligament connects bone to bone |
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What is an osteon?
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structural unit of compact bone.
central canal of endosteum contains blood vessels and is surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of osteocytes encased in bone matrix. |
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How do bisphosphonates prevent osteoporosis? What are some examples of bisphosphonates?
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induce apoptosis in osteoclasts.
Actonel Osamax Boniva |
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Why is vitamin D essential for strong bones?
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Vit D essential for Calcium uptake in small intestines.
no vit D --> no Ca++ uptake --> soft bones. |
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What effect does caffeine have on Ca++ absorption?
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caffeine binds Ca++ --> we can't absorb it.
that milk in your latte does you no good :P |
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When one gets osteoporosis, which parts of the bone are most affected?
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spongy bone because there is greater surface area for osteoclasts to eat away matrix.
spongy bone is replaced by marrow. |
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What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
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impaired osteoblast function
OB lay down disorganized collagen fibers --> brittle bones |
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What is Osteomalacia?
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adult form of Rickets
Vitamin D deficiency --> soft bones due to lack of Ca++ |
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What are some problems with taking bisphosphonates?
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-no bone remodeling (usually ~10% turnover per year)
-less regulation of blood pH and Ca++ levels |
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What is Osteitis Deformans?
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Paget's Disease of Bone
overactive osteoclasts chew away matrix, osteoblasts go into overdrive to compensate --> do sloppy job deformed, weak bones; disorderly, excessive bone deposition. |
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What causes osteoporosis? List common and less common causes.
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-removal of hormonal Osteoclast inhibition
-corticosteroid use increases OsCl activity, decreases osteoblast activity |
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What are trabeculae of spongy bone? What are spicules?
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trabeculae = flat plates
spicules = thin bridges connecting the trabeculae |
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What is a facet?
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flattish, smooth articular surface on a bone.
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What is a fossa?
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shallow, broad concave dip in a bone.
fossa = Lat. "basin" |
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What is a meatus?
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an opening into a canal through a bone.
meatus = Lat. "passage" |
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How is the male pelvis different from the female pelvis?
(why are female pelvises better?? haha) |
-male: heavier bone structure
-male: narrower pelvic inlet/outlet -male: narrower pubic angle @ symphysis -male coccyx protrudes more into the pelvic opening |
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Principle behind MRI?
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put person in big donut shaped magnet
do H-NMR on them |
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Principle behind CT scan?
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take many successive transverse X-rays of person to make "slices"
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What do proximal and distal mean with respect to blood flow and vessels?
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the proximal end of the vessel is nearer the origin of the blood flow.
aorta's proximal end is attached to the left ventricle of the heart. vena cava's proximal end is the end furthest from the heart. |
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What (bone) and where is the lateral malleolus? What does it do?
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knobby bit on the outside of your ankle
end of the fibula horizontal stabilization of ankle |
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What (bone) and where is the medial malleolus? What does it do?
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knobby bit on the inside of your ankle
end of the tibia horizontal stabilization of ankle |
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What is the function of a retinaculum?
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rigid band of connective tissue that holds tendons down when you flex ankle/wrist so they don't bowstring
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Which ligaments do you damage when you sprain your ankle (inversion)?
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Lateral collateral ligaments
**anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) |
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What is the anatomical term for the Achilles tendon?
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calcaneal tendon.
attaches soleus and gastrocnemial muscles to heel (calccaneus). |
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What is an osteophyte?
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bone spur
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What is a fibrous joint? Give examples.
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bones connected by collagen fibers. little to no movement.
skull sutures, fontanels tooth gomphosis interosseous membrane (radius/ulna, tibia/fibula) |
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What is a cartilaginous joint? Give examples.
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bones connected by cartilage. limited movement, more than fibrous but less than synovial
epiphysial plates intravertebral discs pubic symphysis |
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Describe the anatomy of articular (hyaline) cartilage. What types of cells do you encounter moving from the perichondrium into the matrix?
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perichondrum (nearest to blood vessel) contains chondroblasts that produce new cartilage matrix
matrix contains diffuse chondrocytes that maintain matrix. no blood vessels through matrix. |
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Describe the structure of cartilage matrix.
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fibers of collagen + elastin encased in firm gel
proteoglycans chondroitin sulfates |
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How do chondrocytes get nutrients?
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Diffusion through the matrix.
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What are the menisci in the knee composed of, and what is their function?
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Fibrocartilage pads (softer than articular cartilage)
form cups for femoral condyles and stabilize the knee. |
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What is a hangman's fracture?
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sharp impact to C2 --> C2 snaps the spinal cord.
hangman's noose hits right at the level of C2. |
