Bstr 301 Chapter 1

Front 1

Human Anatomy

Back 1

The study of the structure of the human body.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The study of the function of the human body.

Front 3

Gross anatomy

Back 3

The study of the structure visible to the naked eye, using methods such as observation, dissection, X-rays, and MRI scans.

Front 4

Surface anatomy

Back 4

The external structure of the body, important in physical examinations

Front 5

Radiologic anatomy

Back 5

The study of the internal structure of the body, using X-rays and other medical imaging techniques.

Front 6

Systemic anatomy

Back 6

The study of one organ system at a time, taken by most intro text books

Front 7

Regional anatomy

Back 7

The study of multiple organ systems at once in a given region of the body, such as the head or chest.

Front 8

Why do we use the regional perspective to study anatomy when using cadavers?

Back 8

It is more logical to dissect all structures separately. Dissecting one system invariably destroys organs of another system that stand in the way.

Front 9

Inspection

Back 9

The simplest way to examine the human body, by looking at the body's appearance. Ex: Physical examination which involves touching and listening

Front 10

Palpation

Back 10

Feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse

Front 11

Auscultation

Back 11

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds.

Front 12

Percussion

Back 12

The examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens for emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air.

Front 13

Dissection

Back 13

The careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships.

Front 14

Medical imaging

Back 14

Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, it is called radiology.

Front 15

Radiography (X-rays)

Back 15

The process of photographing internal structures, with a form of high energy radiation.

Front 16

Radiolucent

Back 16

The black part of an x-ray that allows passage of the x-ray and does not absorb it.

Front 17

Computed tomography CT

Back 17

A combination of many X-rays that produces a slice of the body as a thin coin. The computer can then stack a series of images to make a 3D image of the body.

Front 18

Magnetic Resonance imaging MRI

Back 18

Used for visualizing soft tissue. It uses a magnetic field and the hydrogen atoms in tissue align themselves.

Front 19

Situs inversus

Back 19

The organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavity are reversed between right and left.

Front 20

Why does dextrocardia cause serious problems?

Back 20

It is a selective left-right reversal of the heart, and it is not complete situs inversus so it causes many problems. With only one organ switched around this means the rest of the organs must cope with the difference.

Front 21

What are the levels of human structure?

Back 21

Organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, and atoms.

Front 22

Organism

Back 22

A single, complete individual

Front 23

Organ system

Back 23

A group of organs that carry out a basic function of the organism such as circulation, respiration, or digestion.
The human body has 11 of these

Front 24

Organ

Back 24

A structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out that particular function.

Front 25

Tissue

Back 25

A mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

Front 26

Cells

Back 26

The smallest unit of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life

Front 27

Organelles

Back 27

Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions.

Front 28

Molecules

Back 28

Organelles and other cellular components are composed of these, ex: proteins, fats, and DNA

Front 29

Atoms

Back 29

A molecule is composed of at least 2 of these, and contains subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Front 30

Anatomical position

Back 30

When a person stands erect with the feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, and the palms, face and eyes facing forward.

Front 31

The forearm is supinated when

Back 31

The palms face up or anteriorly. The two bones (radius and ulna) are parallel.

Front 32

The forearm is pronated when

Back 32

They face down or posteriorly. The radius and ulna cross

Front 33

Sagittal plane

Back 33

Extends vertically and divides the body into right and left portions

Front 34

Median (midsagittal) plane

Back 34

Passes through the midline of the body and divides into equal right and left halves

Front 35

Frontal (coronal) plane

Back 35

Extends vertically, but its perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Front 36

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Back 36

Passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis; it divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Front 37

Ventral

Back 37

Towards the front or belly

Front 38

Dorsal

Back 38

Towards the back or spine

Front 39

Anterior

Back 39

Towards the front side

Front 40

Posterior

Back 40

Towards the back side

Front 41

Cephalic

Back 41

Towards the head or superior end

Front 42

Rostral

Back 42

Toward the forehead or nose

Front 43

Caudal

Back 43

Towards the tail or inferior end

Front 44

Superior

Back 44

Above

Front 45

Inferior

Back 45

Below

Front 46

Medial

Back 46

Towards the midsagittal plane

Front 47

Lateral

Back 47

Away from the midsagittal plane

Front 48

Proximal

Back 48

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

Front 49

Distal

Back 49

Farther from the point of attachment or origin

Front 50

Superficial

Back 50

Closer to the body surface

Front 51

Deep

Back 51

Farther from the body surface

Front 52

Axial region

Back 52

Head, neck, and trunk

Front 53

Neck

Back 53

Cervical region

Front 54

Trunk

Back 54

Thoracic and abdominal

Front 55

What does the diaphragm divide?

Back 55

The thoracic and abdominal cavity

Front 56

Appendicular region

Back 56

Upper and lower limbs

Front 57

What is the order of the upper limb?

Back 57

Arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers

Front 58

What is the order of the lower limb?

Back 58

Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes

Front 59

What does the dorsal cavity consist of?

Back 59

Cranial cavity, and vertebral cavity

Front 60

What does the ventral body cavity consist of?

Back 60

Thoracic cavity (2-Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity), Abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity

Front 61

Viscera

Back 61

Means organ

Front 62

During embryonic period a space called the ______ forms ventrally within the trunk

Back 62

Coelom

Front 63

The diaphragm then divides in two with the superior _____ and inferior ______ and both become lined with _______ membrane

Back 63

Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, serious

Front 64

The visceral pericardium is _______ is where in relation to the heart?

Back 64

Next to the heart

Front 65

The parietal pericardium is _____ in relation to the heart?

Back 65

Farther from the heart

Front 66

The area between the visceral and parietal pericardium is

Back 66

Pericardial cavity

Front 67

What is the serous membrane closest to the lungs called?

Back 67

Visceral pleura

Front 68

What is the serous membrane farther from the lungs called?

Back 68

Parietal pleura

Front 69

What is the area between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura called?

Back 69

Pleural cavity

Front 70

Peri means?

Back 70

Around

Front 71

What is the paritoneal cavity?

Back 71

The space in the abdominopelvic cavity between the visceral and parietal peritoneum.

Front 72

Visceral peritoneum

Back 72

Turns inward from the body wall against the inner organs

Front 73

Parietal peritoneum

Back 73

Lines the cavity wall, anterior abdominal area

Front 74

Potential spaces

Back 74

Under normal conditions these membranes are pressed firmly together and there is no actual space between them. However, under abnormal conditions they may separate and create space filled with fluid.