Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
basal ganglia are part of which region of the brain?
|
telencephalon
|
|
|
what makes up the lentiform nucleus?
|
putamen and globus pallidus
|
|
|
what makes up the striatum?
|
caudate and putamen
|
|
|
where do the extrapyramidal motor pathways originate?
|
basal ganglia
|
|
|
what is the function of the dorsal thalamus
|
the dorsal thalamus is a sensory relay station which receives all ascending sensory information and relays it to the primary sensory cortex.
|
|
|
parts of the mesencephalon
|
superior and inferior colliculi
cerebral peduncles |
|
|
parts of the myencephalon
|
medulla and spinal cord
|
|
|
parts of the metencephalon
|
pons and cerebellum
|
|
|
what separates:
1. frontal and parietal 2. frontal and temporal 3. parietal and occipital |
1. F/P - central sulcus
2. F/T - lateral sulcus 3. P/O - parietooccipital sulcus |
|
|
what do the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon develop into?
|
prosencephalon - telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon - rhombencephalon - metencephalon, myencephalon |
|
|
what does babinski sign signify in babies and adults
|
babies- corticospinal tract not yet fully myelinated
adults - lesion somewhere in cortiospinal tract |
|
|
where do we become aware of sensations?
|
primary sensory cortex (areas 3,1,2)
|
|
|
where do we understand our sensations
|
sensory association cortex (areas 5 & 7)
|
|
|
where do we understand how to use our bodies physically?
|
motor association cortex (area 6)
|
|
|
what areas of the cortex are affected most in alzheimers?
|
association cortex (motor, sensory, visual, auditory, etc)
|
|
|
what area allows us to understand what we hear?
|
auditory association cortex (area 22 in the superior temporal gyrus)
|
|
|
what area receives auditory information?
|
primary auditory cortex (41,42)
anterior and posterior transverse temporal gyri (gyri of heschle) |
|
|
damage to what part of the brain would produce hemi-neglect on the dominant side of the body
|
areas 5&7 (sensory ass. cortex) on right side (non dominant only)
|
|
|
where do we become aware of things we see?
|
primary visual cortex (17) on both sides of calcarine fissure
|
|
|
what area allows us to talk?
|
broca's speech area (triangular and opercular parts of inferior frontal gyrus on dom. side)
areas 44 and 45 |
|
|
what forms the blood supply of the pre and post central gyri?
|
middle cerebral artery
|
|
|
are the cerebral peduncles part of the brainstem?
|
they are part of the midbrain, so they are part of the brainstem
telencephalon definitely not brainstem and diencephalon usually not included with the brainstem |
|
|
what does damage to the right and left frontal lobes cause?
|
left - depression
right - mania |
|
|
where is amygdala located?
|
amygdala is w/in the uncus, which is the most medial portion of the temporal lobe, medial to the parahippocampal gyrus
|
|
|
what could a massive subdural bleed in the region of the uncus cause?
|
uncal herniation - the uncus is forced through the tentorial notch and it compresses the brainstem cutting off all ascending and descending pathways!!!!
|
|
|
components of the limbic lobe
|
amygdala
hippocampus cingulate gyrus |
|
|
what structure is MOST associated with the formation of new memories
|
the hippocampal formation
|
|
|
when and how does the frontal lobe become dominant over the limbic lobe?
|
when the prefrontal cortex is fully myelinated at age 22-23
|
|
|
what is the last part of our brain to become fully myelinated
|
the prefrontal cortex
|
|
|
where is the prefrontal cortex located?
|
everything rostral to the motor association area (6) is prefrontal cortex
|
|
|
which part of the brain allows for intellectually creative abilities and abstract thought?
|
the prefrontal cortex
|
|
|
which parts of the 2 hemispheres does the corpus callosum not connect?
|
the middle and inferior temporal gyri (connected by anterior commisure)
|
|
|
what does the anterior commissure do?
|
connect the middle and inferior temporal gyri
|
|
|
what connects areas of the cortex w/in the same hemisphere
|
association bundles
|
|
|
what is the visceral association cortex
|
the isle of reil
the insular cortex |
|
|
what is the rhinencephalon?
|
the limbic lobe (nose brain)
|
|
|
what plugs the rostral tip of the lateral ventricles?
|
the amygdala
|
|
|
what part of the brain is involved in the tastes of food?
|
the limbic lobe
also sex, emotions, formation of new memories |
|
|
What are the parts of the Papez Circuit
|
Parahippocampal gyrus
Short association bundles The hippocampus fimbria-fornix mammillary bodies mammilothalamic tract anterior nucleus of the dorsal thalamus anterior thalamic radiations cingulate gyrus the cingulum (a long ass. bundle) the hippocampal gyrus short association bundles the hippocampus Papez circuit contains stuctures in all 4 lobes can be stimulated from many different cortical areas via long association bundles (F,P,T to cingulate gyrus) (O to T lobe) |
|
|
why does alzheimer's disease result in inability to create new memories?
|
amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles damage the papez circuit in the hippocampal formation.
|
|
|
what forms the olfactory tracts?
|
the axons of mitral cells
|
|
|
5 components of the medial olfactory area
|
SBSMA
Septum Pellucidum Paired Olfactory Area of Broca Subcallosal gyrus Medial Portion of the Olfactory Trigone Anterior Perforated Substance M A |
|
|
path of the medial olfactory tract (6 parts)
|
1.medial olfactory tract
2.medial olfactory area (5 parts) 3.medial forebrain bundle 4.ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus 5.dorsal longitudinal fasciculus 6.cranial nuclei involved in feeding |
|
|
3 places where lateral olfactory tract terminates
|
1. prepiriform cortex (goes directly into telencephalon)
2. anterior perforated substance 3. cortical medial amygdaloid nucleus a. basolateral amygdaloid nucleus b. hippocampal gyrus c. the hippocampus d. papez circuit |
|
|
what kind of lesion might result in placidity, hypersexuality, or apathy?
|
bilateral lesion of the amygdala!!
|
|
|
wtf is sham rage?
|
associated w/ damage to the amygdaloid nuclei
uncontrollable rage |
|
|
what does amygdalohypothalamic pathway do?
|
allows memories we accumulate over time to influence other pathways down to the brainstem...
|
|
|
what is the transition zone b/t the neocortex in the parahippocampal gyrus and the archecortex in the hippocampus?
|
subiculum
|
|
|
2 parts of the hippocampal formation
|
cornua ammonis
dentate gyrus (they interlock) |
|
|
what is the name of the bundle that runs the length of the hippocampal formation and merges into the fornix?
|
fimbria
|
|
|
what is the area most affected by amyloid plaques in alzheimer's disease?
|
cornua ammonis
|
|
|
what connects the oculomotor nucleus and the abducens nucleus?
|
medial longitudinal fasciculus
|
|
|
why do chronic alcoholics develop wernicke's disease?
|
they have malabsorption of thiamine
|
|
|
what is wernicke's disease and some symptoms
|
due to thiamine deficiency / chronic alcholism
1. paralysis of abducens nuclei bilaterally --> strabismus, nystagmus 2. ataxia of gate (vermeal atrophy) |
|
|
why would giving a wernicke's disease pt glucose be a bad idea?
|
they have a thiamine deficiency and that would use up the last of their thiamine.
|
|
|
what is korsakoff's psychosis?
|
due to chronic alcoholism
small peticial hemorrhages, especially in the MAMILLARY BODIES (papez!) 1. long and short term memory loss 2. confabulation |
|
|
what is kluver bucy syndrome?
|
bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobes
often due to herpes encephalitis, which preferentially attacks the medial temporal lobe, hippocampal formation and amygdala profound dementia psychic blindness (long association bundles from visual ass cortex into temporal lobe are damaged) sexual changes (medial temporal lobe/amygdala is involved) |
|
|
what causes paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and what are its signs/symptoms?
|
PLE - all types of cancer (not just oat cell carcinoma) can develop this. anti-Hu antibodies are formed. these attack neurons throughout the medial temporal lobe (limbic system)
bizarre psychiatric symptoms 1. delusional / hallucinating 2. disorganized in thoughts |
|
|
where do chronic schizophrenics have reduced volume in their cortex?
|
dominant (left) superior temporal gyrus. miswired areas in planum temporali.
auditory ass cortex?? also in insular cortex (feel dead inside) |
