Bsf Organelles

Front 1

Largest organelle in the cell

Back 1

nucleus

Front 2

Nuclear content is divided into three general categories:

Back 2

1) chromatin - genetic material of cell

2) nucleolus - where ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) synthesis occurs

3) nucleoplasm - molecules and components involved in cell and nuclear maintenance. "Grab bag" encompassing all non-chromatin and non-nucleolar material

Front 3

Outer nuclear membrane continuous with _____ and can have ______ attached, in which case acts as RER

Back 3

ER

Polyribosomes

Front 4

_______ is the _____ nm space between the nuclear membrane

Back 4

Perinuclear cisterna

~10 to 30

Front 5

_______ are _____ nm diameter round openings in the nuclear envelope where inner and outer membranes fuse with one another

Back 5

Nuclear pores

80 to 100

Front 6

Number of nuclear pores range from _____ to _____ in metabolically active cells

Back 6

dozens

thousands

Front 7

The _________ occupies a large portion of each pore

Back 7

Nuclear pore complex

Front 8

In the nuclear pore complex, _____ are able to freely diffuse

Back 8

ions and molecules up to ~10nm

Front 9

The _______ is a fibrous network always closely associated with nucleoplasmic side of inner membrane. Fibers are polymers ____ kD proteins called _____

Back 9

nuclear lamina

60 - 75

lamins

Front 10

_____ stabalize the nuclear envelope and are involved in the functional organization of the interphase nucleus

Back 10

Lamins

Front 11

_____ is the form of the nuclear DNA when a cell is in interphase

Back 11

chromatin

Front 12

Chromosomes uncoil and their chromatin are in these two states

Back 12

Euchromatin and Heterochromatin

Front 13

_____ active form of chromosome used for transcription of DNA and RNA. It is (visible / not visible) in light microscope

Back 13

Euchromatin

not visible

Front 14

4 pairs of ______ make up a ________ bead in euchromatin

Back 14

histone proteins

nucleosome

Front 15

_____ wraps each nucleosome twice

Back 15

DNA

Front 16

________ is the string portion of nucleosomes

Back 16

Linker DNA

Front 17

_______ is the inactive form of chromosomes and is the portion of DNA not being transcribed into RNA

Back 17

Heterochromatin

Front 18

Heterochromatin is located near the ______ and _____. Found in the _____ of the nucleus under light microscope

Back 18

centromere

telomere

periphery

Front 19

Heterochromatin is (condensed / uncondensed)

Back 19

condensed

Front 20

True or False - Heterochromatin is completely dormant

Back 20

False - heterochromatin can "silence" genes located adjacent to it

Front 21

Chromosomes are arranged into _______

Back 21

Chromosome territories - highly organized area of the nucleus possessing an individual chromosome

Front 22

________ are narrow areas between chromosome territories. Serve as conduits for newly formed RNA transcripts

Back 22

Interchromosomal domains

Front 23

Where are most active genes located?

Back 23

border of chromosome territory

Front 24

The ______ is a non-membrane-bound spherical structure present in the interphase nucleus

Back 24

nucleuolus

Front 25

The nucleolus is involved in (3):

Back 25

transcription of genes coding for rRNA

processing of RNA-precursor molecules

assembly of ribosomal subunits

Front 26

A nucleus has one to two ______ and are larger in in cells actively synthesizing proteins

Back 26

nucleoli

Front 27

The nucleolus disperses early in ______ and reforms during _______

Back 27

mitosis

telophase

Front 28

The major components of the nucleoplasm include the _______ and the ______

Back 28

ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs)

nuclear matrix

Front 29

RNPs are composed of ______ complexed with _______

Back 29

RNA sequences

proteins

Front 30

RNP functions include (2):

Back 30

condensation of newly-formed RNA (heterogeneous or hnRNPs)

RNA splicing of introns (small nuclear or snRNPs)

Front 31

The nuclear matrix fills the space between the ______ and ____

Back 31

chromatin

nucleoli

Front 32

It is composed of a variety of ______ and _______; the _____ and portions of the _____ are part of this

Back 32

proteins

fibrillar elements

nuclear lamina

nuclear pore complex

Front 33

The nuclear matrix possesses binding sites for variety of _____ and _____. Long term effects of these occur because the ______ initiates a change in ______

Back 33

hormones

other molecules

hormone-receptor interaction

nuclear gene transcription

Front 34

______, _______, and _______ are a few other nuclear matrix components

Back 34

coiled bodies

gems

PML nuclear bodies

Front 35

______ and ______ are involved in serious clinical pathologies

Back 35

Gems

PML nuclear bodies

Front 36

Gems possess ______. Absense of the gene for this protein results in _______

Back 36

SMN (survival of motor neurons) protein

spinal muscular atrophy

Front 37

PML nuclear bodies - are disrupted in the affected promyelocytes of human ______

Back 37

acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)

Front 38

ATP is made by the process of _____

Back 38

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 39

The inner membrane of the mitochondria is called the ______

Back 39

matrix space (intercristae space)

Front 40

_____ is a multipass protein present in high numbers in the outer membrane of the mitochondia

Back 40

Porin

Front 41

True or false: the intermembrane space of the mitochondria has a similar composition to the cytosol

Back 41

True - Porins form a channel where large molecules (up to 10kD) can pass

Front 42

_______ is responsible for producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Back 42

ATP synthase

Front 43

______ is a series of respiratory enzyme complexes present in large numbers in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Back 43

Electron transport chain

Front 44

Electron transport chain of the mitochondria function as _____

Back 44

proton pumps

Front 45

ATP synthase produces ATP by using energy from ________

Back 45

proton gradient produced by electron transport chain

Front 46

The number of _____ in a mitochondria is directly proportional to the metabolic activity of the cell

Back 46

cristae

Front 47

_______ has four fatty acids and is the phospholipid of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Back 47

Cardiolipin (virtually impermeable to ions, electrons, and protons)

Front 48

The matrix of the mitochondria has a high concentration of _______, which are involved in ______

Back 48

proteins

fatty acid oxidation

Front 49

_____ are spherical 30-50nm structures in the matrix of the mitochondria, composed of phospholipoproteins

Back 49

Matrix granules

Front 50

Mitochondrial matrix has RNA that includes ______

Back 50

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

Front 51

Mitochondrial DNA is ______ and ____

Back 51

double stranded

circular

Front 52

True or false: mitochondrias duplication is independent of nuclear DNA

Back 52

True

Front 53

True or false: most of the mitochondrial proteins are coded by nuclear DNA, synthesized by polyribosomes, and transported into the mitochondria

Back 53

True

Front 54

Mitochondrial DNA mutates at a (high/low) rate

Back 54

high

Front 55

Deleterious mutation impair a mitochondria's ______ and with enough mutations can lead to ______

Back 55

energy production

cell death

Front 56

Mitochondrion matrix has a variety of _______

Back 56

apoptotic factors

Front 57

_______ occur via intracellular cascade of events (as opposed to necrotic cell death)

Back 57

Apoptosis

Front 58

Apoptosis is initiated when apoptotic factors in the ______ are released into the _____

Back 58

mitochondrial matrix

cell cytoplasm

Front 59

Apoptosis is important (2):

Back 59

during normal development and

in preventing proliferation of damaged cells

Front 60

A nonspecific pore across the inner and out mitochondrial matrix allows the escape of apoptotic factors, dissipation of proton gradient, etc., is the _____

Back 60

mitochondrial permeability transition pore - thought to occur when protein porin becomes aligned with various transmembrane proteins in inner membrane

Front 61

Mitochondrial DNA mutations can result in cell death via two general mechanisms:

Back 61

1) inability to meet cell's energy demands

2)release of apoptotic factors

Front 62

True or false: same mitochondrial DNA mutation can lead to diseases with very different phenotypes and different mutations can lead to disease of similar phenotype

Back 62

True - mitochondria do not follow typical Mendelian genetics

Front 63

Impact of mitochondrial mutation depends on ______

Back 63

proportion of mitochondria with that mutation

Front 64

Ribosomes consist of ____ differently sized subunits with a total of _____ types of rRNA and nearly _____ different proteins

Back 64

two

four

80

Front 65

Both RNA subunits of ribosome are made in the _____ and the proteins are produced in the _____ where they enter the ______ to associate with the rRNA

Back 65

nucleoli

cytoplasm

nucleus

Front 66

Clusters of ribosomes held together by a strand of mRNA are called ________ and are formed in the _______

Back 66

polyribosomes (polysomes)

cytoplasm

Front 67

The _____ has a signal sequence which initiates attachment of ribosomes to the ER

Back 67

mRNA

Front 68

Free polyribosomes synthesize proteins that ______

Back 68

remain diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm

Front 69

Polyribosomes bound to ER produce proteins either for ______ or _______

Back 69

secretion

storage

Front 70

______ is the largest membrane system in the cell

Back 70

ER

Front 71

RER function to synthesize (2):

Back 71

1) integral membrane proteins

2) proteins packaged into vesicles

Front 72

Cells that export a lot of protein have a lot of ____

Back 72

RER

Front 73

RER structural difference to SER (2):

Back 73

1) RER has structural proteins involved in maintaining the RER as a series of flattened cisternae

2) RER has proteins involved in recognition and binding of the polyribosomes to the ER surface

Front 74

SER differs from the RER in that it generally consists of _____ rather than flattened cisternae

Back 74

interconnected tubles

Front 75

Typical functions of the SER are

Back 75

lipid and cholesterol synthesis

Front 76

Specialized SER functions in the:

1) Adrenal cortex -

2) Liver cells -

3) Skeletal and cardiac muscle -

Back 76

1) SER that possesses enzymes used in synthesis of steroid hormones

2) SER participates in detoxification and neutralization

3) Sacroplasmic reticulum is derived from SER (functions as sstorage and release for calcium)

Front 77

Golgi apparatus has three regions:

Back 77

1) Cis-face: nearest RER. Vesicle from RER fuse and release into inner compartment

2) Trans-face: opposite end of GA stack

3) Medial compartment

Front 78

As proteins go through the GA, ______ and _____ occurs. Also to make sure proteins arrive at appropriate place, ______ occurs

Back 78

Phosphorylation

Glycosylation

Protein sorting

Front 79

Proteins that exit the trans-face of the GA are destined for:

Two do not require specific regulatory mechanisms and use ______ pathway

Two involves regulatory mechanisms and use the ______ pathway

Back 79

1) incorporation into unit membrane as membrane proteins

2) immediate release into extracellular space

3) intracellular storage within secretory vesicles for eventual release from cell

4) incorporation into lysosomes

default

regulated secretory

Front 80

Endocytosis is divided into two categories based on size and endocytotic vesicle which are _____ and _____

Back 80

1) Phagocytosis - uptake of large debris or microorganisms

2) Pinocytosis - typically nonselective process of ingestion of fluids and small particles

Front 81

_____ is a cell type specialized for phagocytosis

Back 81

Macrophages

Front 82

______ are vesicles formed by phagocytosis that fuse with lysosomes and in which the matter is then digested

Back 82

Phagosomes

Front 83

______ are vesicles generally <150nm in diameter

Back 83

Pinocytotic vesicles

Front 84

Pinocytosis usually involves ______ formation at the cell membrane

Back 84

clathrin-coated vesicle

Front 85

Pinocytosis vesicles fuse with _____

Back 85

early endosomes

Front 86

______ is a specialized form of pinocytosis that allows the cell to ingest and concentrate specific substances

Back 86

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 87

Receptor-mediated endocytosis works in three steps:

Back 87

1) cargo receptors - receptor protein on membrane become bound by specific extracellular ligand

2) clathrin-coated vesicle forms in association with receptor specific adaptin molecules. (high concentration of specific molecules)

3) vesicle transported into endosomal compartment