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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three functions of Blood?
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Distribution of Oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
Regulation of Temperature, pH, and fluid volume Protection from fluid loss (clotting), and infection (immunity) |
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What are the two major categories of blood components?
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Plasma and Formed Elements (blood cells)
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What are the thee sub-categories of blood components
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Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets
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Name the general five components of Plasma
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Water, Proteins, Hormones, Nutrients, and Electrolytes
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What are platelets?
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Cell fragments without nuclei that cluster to form blood clots
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What is plasma?
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The fluid fraction of blood
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What is Serum?
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The fluid fraction of blood after coagulation
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What are the four general categories of White Blood cells?
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Granulocytes, Macrophages, Lymphocytes: B-cells make antibody (plasma cells) and T-cells: helper and cytotoxic
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How many proteins exist in plasma?
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Over 300, ~7% of blood
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What are four biochemical roles of plasma proteins
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Maintenance of oncotic pressure, Transport, Defense reactions, Coagulation and fibrinolysis
Some appear as a result of the disease: intracellular enzymes and tumor markers |
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Function of albumin
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Maintenance of oncotic pressure, nonspecific transport protein
Liver ~60% of plasma protein content |
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Function of Immunoglobulins
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Humoral Immunity
Plasma Cells ~ 18% of plasma protein content |
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Function of Fibrinogen
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Blood Coagulation
Liver ~4% of blood volume |
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Function of Serpins (Serine Protease Inhibitors)
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Control coagulation and inflammation
Liver |
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Function of Haptoglobulin
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Binds hemoglobin
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Function of Hemopexin
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Highest binding affinity to heme
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Transferring
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Iron transport protein
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Ferritin
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Iron storage protein
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Ceruloplasmin
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Converts ferrous iron into ferric form
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Thyroid binding globulins
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Thyroid hormone transport proteins
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Function of Steroid-binding globulins
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Steroid hormone transport
Liver |
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Function of Enzymes
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Coagulation, complement
Liver |
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Function of Acute phase proteins
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Binds to bacterial polysaccharides
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Funciton of Alpha 1-antitrypsin (serpin)
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Protects from enzymes of inflammatory cells
1.5-3.5 gram/liter Liver |
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Where is Albumin produced and what is the half-life
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in the liver and ~20 days
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What are the four functions of Albumin
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Maintains blood oncotic pressure
Transport of FFA, unconjugated bilirubin, metal ions: (Ca2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+) Drugs, thyroid, and steroid hormones Free radical scavenging (sulfydryl groups) - important free radical scavenger in sepsis Buffer because of its abundance |
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What are the four causes of hypoalbuminemia
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Liver disease, Starvation (malnutrition), Excess excretion by the kidneys (nephrotic syndrome) and Sepsis
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What is hyperalbuminemia a sign of?
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Severe dehydration
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What is the main force bringing water back from the tissues?
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The osmotic pressure of plasma proteins
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What is Kwashiorkor?
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childhood protein malnutrition caused by decreased concentration of plasma proteins. That caused decreased osmotic pressure of blood. The fluid is not drawn back into the blood and accumulates in interstitial space causing edema
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What is the basic description of Nephrotic Syndrome?
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Damage of the glomerular basement membrane in nephritis results in leaking albumin
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What is the classic triad of nephrotic syndrome?
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Hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, edema
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What does Haptoglobin do?
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binds to hemoglobin released from hemolyzed RBC's
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What are three specific functions of haptoglobin
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Inhibits oxidative activity
prevents losses of iron through the kidney prevents kidney damage by hemoglobin |
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What causes haptoglobin levels to decrease?
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hemolytic anemias
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What system removes the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex?
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Reticuloendothelial system
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What does Hemopexin bind?
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Free heme released from hemoglobin
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Why is Free Heme potentially highly toxic?
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Intercalation into membranes, and it produces free radicals
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What is depletion of unsaturated hemopexin is an indicator of?
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Intravascular hemolysis
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What does Transferring protect against?
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effects of free iron
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Normal 30% saturation with Fe3+. What is increased saturation and decreased saturation indicative of?
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Increased - iron overload
Decreased - iron deficiency |
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Ferritin is the main _______
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Intracellular iron storage protein
It keeps iron in soluble and nontoxic form |
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What is iron-free ferritin and what is it used for?
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apoferritin and it is used to measure the total amount of iron stored in the body
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What is Hemosiderin?
Where is it always found? When is it found? |
another iron-storage complex
WITHIN CELLS (as opposed to circulating blood) situations following hemorrhages |
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T/F Humans have a mechanism to excrete the excess of iron
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F
We do not |
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What can be the consequences of Iron overload?
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Hindered Immune System
Panceas can cause diabetic complicatons Heart Problems - Angina and Poor heart rhythm Liver through cirrhosis and cancer Depression and infertility |
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How often and for how long can therapeutic phlebotomy treatment
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once or twice a week for 6 months to three years
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What is used for chelation therapy in case of extreme anemia?
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Desferal (desferoxomine)
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What is Ceruloplasmin?
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The major copper transport protein
Carries ~90% of the copper in plasma It regulates redox transport and utilizaiton of iron from ferrous into ferric form |
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When are concentrations of Ceruplasmin elevated? Decrease levels?
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liver disease of tissue damage
Wilson's disease |
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What are some symptoms of Wilson's disease?
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Jaundice, abdominal pain, enlarged liver, drowsiness with behavior disturbances (liver issues)
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What is the hereditary pattern of Wilson's disease?
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autosomal recessive
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