Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Imaging techniques for studying function of neural circuits |
Calcium voltage dye, gfp/b-galactosidase lacZ staining, radio-labeled proteins, fMRI |
|
|
Calcium voltage sensitive dyes |
Respond to voltage chang es, provide linear measurements of firing activity of single neurons |
|
|
gfp/b-galactosidase lacZ staining |
Reporter genes are associated with gene of interest - allows for determination of protein expression
|
|
|
b-galactosidase lacZ staining |
LacZ gene encodes for b-galactosidase, cells expressing turn blue on medium containing X-gal |
|
|
Extracellular electrode meausres |
Action potentials, graded potentials |
|
|
Graded potentials |
GPs are sub-threshold, caused by external stimulus, travel by passive electronic spreading, amplitude is proportional to stimulus, summation, does not rely solely on voltage-gated channels |
|
|
Increasing permeability mechanisms |
opening voltage-gated channels Ach receptors at synapse |
|
|
APs v. GPs. |
APs hyperpolarize, GPs hyper/depolarize APs voltage gated channels, GPs any type GP can be summed, APs maintain amplitude GP signal degrades but AP are non-decremenal |
|
|
Cre recombinase |
carry out site-specific recombination |
|
|
Utilizing optogenetics |
Cross gene of interest-Cre recombinase complex with channelrhodopsin Stimulate area of interest with LED/Laser Determine causation |
|
|
Dopaminergic receptors |
D1/D2 |
|
|
Absolute refractory period |
Determines maximal firing rate caused by inactivation of sodium channels |
|
|
Relative refractory period |
Decreases likelihood of AP due to opening of K channels which hyper-polarizes the membrane |
|
|
Frequency code |
stronger stimulus elicits higher frequency of AP |
|
|
Population code |
pattern recognition of multiple neurons to determine characteristics of input |
|
|
First order v. second order neurons |
1st order: afferent, peripheral, to spinal cord 2nd order: spinal cord to thalamus (except from MOB to pyriform cortex) |
|
|
Motor components of nervous system |
Somatic motor division, autonomic motor divission |
|
|
Olfactory neuron pathway |
OSNs go from olfactory epitheliumm through cribriform plate to MOB --> olfactory cortex |
|
|
Brain regions which receive input from olfactory cortex |
pyriform cortex, amygdala, endohinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, olfactory tract |
|
|
Golgi Tendon Reflex |
Tension stimulates stretch receptors (AP in sensory neuron) - synapse via glut with inhibitory interneuron and quad alpha motor neuron - inhibitory interneuron synapses via glycine with hamstring alpha motor neuron |
|
|
Sensory unit of olfactory system |
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) |
|
|
OSN Firing frequency encodes... |
stimulus intensity concentration of odorant |
|
|
Odor stimulation transduction pathway |
GCPR: binding of alpha-GTP to adenyl cyclase produces cAMP. cAMP opens Na/Ca channels flooding the the cell with positive ions. Ca ions bind to Cl ions allowing Cl to leave the cell. |
|
|
Species that use large numbers of functional olfactor receptors |
dogs, mice, rats |
|
|
Explain the large number of OR pseudogenes in primates |
Reliance on smell decreased. transition from nocturnal common ancestor to modern diurnal lifestyle. |
|
|
How to determine the tuning of an OR |
analyze the response profile of one OSN because each OSN only has one receptor type |
|
|
Coding of odors in the periphery |
combinatorial- signals from broadly and narrowly tuned receptors contribute to perception Higher levels do not maintain organization of lower levels (signal integration) |
|
|
Glomerulus of MOB |
composed of axon terminals of many similarly responsible OSNs, periglomerular cells performing dendodenritic inhibition, dendrites from mitral cells |
|
|
chemotopic |
A chemotopic representation indicates an orderly spatial arrangement of olfactory glomeruli (or other neural elements in a chemosensory system) that is related to the chemical attributes of the effective sensory stimuli |
|
|
Experimental Evidence for Chemotopic mapping in the MOB |
Intrinsic imaging (in-vivo mapping of activity-related reflectance changes in illuminated brain) and 2D imaging |
|
|
Enhancing discrimination using lateral inhibition |
Prevent activity in nearby brain areas and thereby the perception of additional odors- similar to the perception of light based on contrasts |
|
|
Decline of olfactory function with age |
Decrease the turn-over of OSNs Decreased functionality of ORs Neurodegeneration of olfactory epithelial cells |
|
|
'Thalamus' of olfaction |
Olfactory bulb |
|
|
Olfactory Cortex areas |
Amygdala, pyriform cortex, entrohinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, olfactory tract |
|
|
Olfactory behavioral testing |
Habituation and Dehabituation (short term) Associative Olfactory Learning (long term) |
|
|
Projection of MOB |
Direct projection: pyriform, amygdala Indirect projection: hypothalamus, thalamus |
|
|
Pyriform cortex |
Contains tertiary neurons of olfactory pathway, more signal integration from incoming mitral cells, projects indirectly to thalamus and hypothalamus |
|
|
Releaser v. primer pheromones |
Releaser: fast acting, immediate response Primer: slowing acting (ex Lee Boot Effect) |
|
|
Afferent projection in MOE vs. VNO |
MOE: project to single glomerulus in MOB, organized by receptor type, synapse with a single mitral cell VNO: project to multiple glomeruli, organized by input location, synapse on multiple mitral cells |
|
|
VNO projection |
Apical contain V1receptors and project to anterior olfactory bulb Basal contain V2R and project to posterior olfactory bulb |
|
|
VNO transduction |
V1R (apical)-V2R(basal) GPCRs bind with odorant- PLC cues DAG to bind TRPc2- influx of Ca- open ca gated Cl channels- depolarize to threshold |
|
|
Secondary neurons VNS pathway projection targets |
hypothalamus and amygdala |
|
|
Aggressive behavior in VNS and MOS |
VNS detects volatile hormones prompting investigation- MOS detects non-volatile compounds |
|
|
Types of taste cells |
Type 1: salty, b/d and clear NT, ion shuttling Type 2: bitter, umami, sweet Type 3: Sour, synthesize NT |
|
|
Type II cell receptors |
T1R1+T1R3: umami T1R2+T1R3: sweet TR2 (30+) varieties: bitter |
|
|
Evidence for labelled line coding of taste |
Insertion of T2R channels in 'sweet cells' causes preference for bitter foods in mice |
|
|
First area of taste pathway |
Nucleus of solitary tract (NST) which is also responsible for vital organ regulation (baroreceptor of blood pressure and chemical input) |
|
|
Tuning of neurons in the central cortex |
Non-symmetric responses, NST cells and cortical regions display bias to modalities |
|
|
Brain areas involved in taste |
VPM, NST, Insular and frontal cortex, amygdala, thalamus and hypothalamus |
|
|
Perception of flavor |
Involves integration of peripheral signals from taste cells, thermoceptors and mechanoceptors Integration occurs in the thalamus |
