Bsc2086 Lecture1 Exam 2

Front 1

What are the function of the Lymphatic system

Back 1

Fluid Balance, Fat absorption, Defense

Front 2

What Lymphatic System Function is this:

Approximately 30L of fluid pass from the blood capillaries into the interstitial fluid each day, whereas only 27L pass from the interstitial fluid back into the blood capillaries.

Back 2

Fluid Balance

Front 3

What Lymphatic System Function is this:

If the extra 3L of fluid were to remain in the interstitial fluid, edema would result, causing tissue damage and eventual death.

Back 3

Fluid Balance

Front 4

What Lymphatic System Function is this:

Instead, the 3L of fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries, where the fluid is called lymph, and passes through the lymphatic vessels back to the blood.

Back 4

Fluid Balance

Front 5

In Fluid Balance, how much fluid passes from the blood capillaries into the interstitial fluid each day

Back 5

30L

Front 6

In the fluid balance, how much fluid pass from the interstitial fluid back into the blood capillaries

Back 6

27L

Front 7

In the fluid balance, what would happen If the extra 3L of fluid were to remain in the interstitial fluid

Back 7

edema would result, causing tissue damage and eventual death

Front 8

In the fluid balance, where does the 3L fluid enters

Back 8

lymphatic capillaries, where the fluid is called lymph, and passes through the lymphatic vessels back to the blood.

Front 9

What is the name of the fluid that enters the lymphatic capillaries called

Back 9

lymph

Front 10

What Lymphatic System Function is this:

the lymphatic system absorbs fats and other substances from the digestive tract.

Back 10

Fat absorption

Front 11

What Lymphatic System Function is this:

Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals are located in the lining of the small intestine.

Back 11

Fat absorption

Front 12

What Lymphatic System Function is this:

Fats enter the lacteals and pass through the lymphatic vessels to the venous circulation.

Back 12

Fat absorption

Front 13

What Lymphatic System Function is this:

The lymph passing through these lymphatic vessels has a milky appearance because of its fat content and is called chyle.

Back 13

Fat absorption

Front 14

What are Special lymphatic vessels

Back 14

lacteals

Front 15

Where are lacteals located

Back 15

located in the lining of the small intestine

Front 16

The lymph passing through these lymphatic vessels has a milky appearance because of its fat content is called what

Back 16

chyle

Front 17

In fat absorption, fat enters the

Back 17

lacteals and pass through the lymphatic vessels to venous circulation

Front 18

What Lymphatic System Function is this:

microorganisms and other foreign substances are filtered from lymph by lymph nodes and From blood by the spleen

Back 18

Defense

Front 19

What Lymphatic System Function is this:

In addition, lymphocytes and other cells are capable of destroying microbes And other foreign substances

Back 19

Defense

Front 20

What carries lymph away from the tissues.

Back 20

Lymphatic Vessels

Front 21

What vessels is this:

Lymphatic capillaries lack a basement membrane and have a loosely overlapping epithelial cells.

Back 21

Lymphatic Vessels

Front 22

What vessels is this:

Fluids and other substances easily enter the lymphatic capillary.

Back 22

Lymphatic Vessels

Front 23

What vessels is this:

Lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels.

Back 23

Lymphatic Vessels

Front 24

What vessels is this:

Lymphatic vessels have valves that ensure one-way flow of lymph

Back 24

Lymphatic Vessels

Front 25

What vessels is this:

Skeletal muscle action, contraction of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle, and thoracic pressure changes move the lymph.

Back 25

Lymphatic Vessels

Front 26

What vessels is this:

Skeletal muscle action, contraction of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle, and thoracic pressure changes move the lymph.

Back 26

Lymphatic Vessels

Front 27

What vessels is this:

Lymph nodes are along the lymphatic vessels. After passing through lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels form lymphatic trunks and lymphatic ducts.

Back 27

Lymphatic Vessels

Front 28

What vessels is this:

The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel.

Back 28

Lymphatic Vessels

Front 29

What vessels carry lymph away from the tissue

Back 29

Lymphatic vessels

Front 30

What do lymphatic capillaries lack

Back 30

basement membrane

Front 31

What do lymphatic capillaries have loosely overlapping

Back 31

epithelial cells

Front 32

What type of overlapping epithelial cells does lymphatic capillaries have

Back 32

loosely

Front 33

What can enter Lympathic capillaries easily

Back 33

Fluids and other substances

Front 34

Where do the Lympathic capillaries join to form what

Back 34

lymphatic vessels

Front 35

What joins to form lymphathic vessels

Back 35

Lymphatic capillaries

Front 36

What do Lymphatic vessels have valves that ensure

Back 36

one-way flow of lymph

Front 37

What ensure one-way flow of lymph

Back 37

Lymphatic vessels

Front 38

What do Lymphatic vessels have to ensure one way flow of lymph

Back 38

valves

Front 39

What moves the lymph in the Lymphatic Vessels

Back 39

Skeletal muscle action, contraction of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle, and thoracic pressure changes

Front 40

What do Skeletal muscle action, contraction of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle, and thoracic pressure changes do in the Lymphatic Vessels

Back 40

move the lymph

Front 41

Where are lymph nodes found

Back 41

along the lymphatic vessels

Front 42

What is found along the Lymphatic Vessels

Back 42

Lymph nodes

Front 43

What do Lymphatic Vessels form after passing through the lymph nodes

Back 43

lymphatic trunks and lymphatic ducts

Front 44

What is the largest lymphatic vessel

Back 44

thoracic duct

Front 45

What tissue and organ is this:

Lymphatic tissue is reticular connective tissue that contains lymphocytes and other cells.

Back 45

Lymphatic Tissue and Organs

Front 46

What tissue and organ is this:

Lymphatic tissue can be surrounded by a capsule (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus).

Back 46

Lymphatic Tissue and Organs

Front 47

What tissue and organ is this:

Lymphatic nodules are small aggregates of lymphatic tissue (ex. Peyer’s patches in the small intestines).

Back 47

Lymphatic Tissue and Organs

Front 48

What tissue and organ is this:

The tonsils- are large groups of lymphatic nodules in the oral cavity and nasopharynx.
The 3 groups of tonsils are the palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsils.

Back 48

Lymphatic Tissue and Organs

Front 49

What tissue and organ is this:

Lymph nodes- lymphatic tissue in the node is organized into the cortex and the medulla. Substances in lymph are removed by phagocytosis, or they stimulate lymphocytes Or both.

Back 49

Lymphatic Tissue and Organs

Front 50

What tissue and organ is this:

Lymphocytes leave the lymph node and circulate to other tissues.

Back 50

Lymphatic Tissue and Organs

Front 51

What tissue and organ is this:

The spleen- located in the left superior side of the abdomen. Foreign substances stimulate Lymphocytes in the white pulp.

Back 51

Lymphatic Tissue and Organs

Front 52

What tissue and organ is this:

Foreign substances and defective red blood cells are removed from the blood by Phagocytes in the red pulp. the spleen is a limited reservoir for blood.

Back 52

Lymphatic Tissue and Organs

Front 53

What tissue and organ is this:

The Thymus- The thymus is a gland in the superior mediastinum and is divided into a cortex and a medulla.

Back 53

Lymphatic Tissue and Organs

Front 54

What tissue and organ is this:

Lymphocytes in the cortex separated from the blood by reticular cells.

Back 54

Lymphatic Tissue and Organs

Front 55

is reticular connective tissue that contains lymphocytes and other cells.

Back 55

Lymphatic tissue

Front 56

What is the Lymphatic tissue surrounded by

Back 56

a capsule (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus)

Front 57

Where are capsule (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus) found

Back 57

Lymphatic tissue

Front 58

Name the two tissue in the Lymphatic tissue

Back 58

tonsils, lymph nodes

Front 59

Name the two organs in the Lymphatic tissue

Back 59

spleen, Thymus

Front 60

are small aggregates of lymphatic tissue (ex. Peyer’s patches in the small intestines).

Back 60

Lymphatic nodules

Front 61

Give example of the small aggregates of lymphatic tissue located in Lymphatic nodules

Back 61

Peyer’s patches in the small intestines

Front 62

are large groups of lymphatic nodules in the oral cavity and nasopharynx.

Back 62

The tonsils

Front 63

What are 3 groups of tonsils

Back 63

palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsils

Front 64

lymphatic tissue in the node is organized into the cortex and the medulla.

Back 64

Lymph nodes

Front 65

What are substances in lymph are removed by

Back 65

phagocytosis, or they stimulate lymphocytes Or both

Front 66

In Lymph nodes, what do Lymphocytes leave out of and circulate to what

Back 66

lymph node, other tissues

Front 67

What is located in the left superior side of the abdomen

Back 67

The spleen

Front 68

Where do foreign substances stimulate Lymphocytes in the white pulp.

Back 68

The spleen

Front 69

In the spleen, Foreign substances and defective red blood cells are removed from the blood by_______in the red pulp.

Back 69

Phagocytes

Front 70

In the spleen, what is the color of the pulp that foreign substances stimulate Lymphocytes in

Back 70

white pulp

Front 71

In the spleen, what is the color of the pulp that foreign substances and defective red blood cells are removed from by phagocytes in

Back 71

red pulp

Front 72

What has a limited reservoir for blood

Back 72

the spleen

Front 73

a gland in the superior mediastinum and is divided into a cortex and a medulla.

Back 73

The Thymus

Front 74

In the thymus, where is the gland located

Back 74

superior mediastinum

Front 75

What is the thymus divided into

Back 75

cortex and a medulla

Front 76

In the thymus, what are Lymphocytes in the cortex separated from the blood by

Back 76

reticular cells

Front 77

What this talking about:

Is the ability to resist damage from foreign substances such as microorganisms and harmful chemicals.

Back 77

Immunity

Front 78

What this talking about:

Immunity is categorized as innate immunity (nonspecific resistance) or adaptive immunity (specific immunity).

Back 78

Immunity

Front 79

What this talking about:

Innate immunity- in innate, the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed to them.

Back 79

Immunity

Front 80

What this talking about:

In innate immunity, each time the body is exposed to a substance, the response is the same because specificity and memory of previous encounters is not present.

Back 80

Immunity

Front 81

What this talking about:

For example, each time a bacteria cell is introduced into the body, it is phagocytized

Back 81

Immunity

Front 82

What this talking about:

With the same speed and efficiency. In adaptive immunity, the response during the second exposure is faster and stronger than the response to the first to the first exposure because the immune system remembers the bacteria from the First exposure.

Back 82

Immunity

Front 83

What this talking about:

Mechanical mechanisms- prevent the entry of microbes (skin and mucous Membranes) or remove them (tears, saliva, and mucus).

Back 83

Immunity

Front 84

What this talking about:

Chemical mediators-promote phagocytosis and inflammation.

Back 84

Immunity

Front 85

What this talking about:

Complement- is a group of about 20 proteins that make up approximately 10% of the globulin part of serum. Complement can be activated by either the alternative Or classical pathway. Complement lyses cells, increases phagocytosis, attracts Immune system cells, and promote inflammation.

Back 85

Immunity

Front 86

What this talking about:

Interferons- are proteins that protect the body against viral infection and perhaps some form of cancer. Interferons are produced by virally infected cells and move to other cells, which are then protected.

Back 86

Immunity

Front 87

What this talking about:

Cells – chemotactic factors are parts of microbes or chemicals that are released by damaged tissues. Chemotaxis is the ability of white blood cells to move to tissues that release chemotactic factors. Phagocytosis is the ingestion and destruction of materials

Back 87

Immunity

Front 88

What this talking about:

Neutrophils- are small phagocytic cells.

Back 88

Immunity

Front 89

What this talking about:

Macrophages-are large phagocytic cells. They can engulf more than neutrophils can. They clean blood and lymph. Involved in the activation of B and T Cells.

Back 89

Immunity

Front 90

What this talking about:

Basophils and Mast cells- release chemicals that promote inflammation.

Back 90

Immunity

Front 91

What this talking about:

Eosinophils- release enzymes that reduce inflammation.

Back 91

Immunity

Front 92

What this talking about:

Natural killer cells- lyse tumor cells and virus-infected cells.

Back 92

Immunity

Front 93

What this talking about:

Adaptive immunity- in adaptive immunity, the body recognizes and destroys foreign substances, but the Response to them improves each time the foreign substance is encountered.

-Specificity and memory are characteristics of adaptive immunity but not innate
immunity.

Back 93

Immunity

Front 94

What this talking about:

-Specificity- is the ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance.

For example, innate immunity can act against bacteria in general, whereas adaptive
Immunity can distinguish among different kinds of bacteria.

Back 94

Immunity

Front 95

What this talking about:

Memory- is the ability of adaptive immunity to remember previous encounters with
a particular substance and, as a result, to respond to it more rapidly.


Adaptive immunity involves the ability to recognize, respond to, and remember a Particular substance. Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called Antigens. They are large molecules. Haptens- are small molecules capable of Combining with larger molecules like blood proteins to stimulate an adaptive Immune system response.


B cells are responsible for humoral, or antibody-mediated immunity. T cells are involved with cell-mediated immunity.

Back 95

Immunity

Front 96

Is the ability to resist damage from foreign substances such as microorganisms and harmful chemicals.

Back 96

Immunity

Front 97

What is Immunity categorized as

Back 97

innate immunity (nonspecific resistance) or adaptive immunity (specific immunity)

Front 98

Which immunity is this:

the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed to them.

Back 98

Innate immunity

Front 99

In Innate immunity, why does each time the body is exposed to a substance, the response is the same

Back 99

because specificity and memory of previous encounters is not present.

Front 100

In Innate immunity, each time a bacteria cell is introduced into the body, it is__________with the same speed and efficiency.

Back 100

phagocytized

Front 101

In adaptive immunity, why is the response during the second exposure is faster and stronger than the response to the first to the first exposure

Back 101

because the immune system remembers the bacteria from the First exposure

Front 102

prevent the entry of microbes (skin and mucous Membranes) or remove them (tears, saliva, and mucus).

Back 102

Mechanical mechanisms

Front 103

In Mechanical mechanisms, give examples where microbes are prevented entry

Back 103

skin and mucous Membranes

Front 104

In Mechanical mechanisms, give examples where microbes are removed

Back 104

tears, saliva, and mucus

Front 105

promote phagocytosis and inflammation.

Back 105

Chemical mediators

Front 106

is a group of about 20 proteins that make up approximately 10% of the globulin part of serum.

Back 106

Complement

Front 107

How many group of proteins are in complement

Back 107

20

Front 108

In complement, what is the approximate % of the globulin part of serum

Back 108

10

Front 109

What can complement be activated by

Back 109

either the alternative Or classical pathway

Front 110

In complement, what do Complement lyses cells increase

Back 110

phagocytosis

Front 111

In complement, what do Complement lyses cells attract and promote

Back 111

Immune system cells, and promote inflammation.

Front 112

are proteins that protect the body against viral infection and perhaps some form of cancer.

Back 112

Interferons

Front 113

What are interferons produced by and where do they move to

Back 113

virally infected cells and move to other cells, which are then protected

Front 114

Name the chemical mediators

Back 114

Complement, Interferons

Front 115

are parts of microbes or chemicals that are released by damaged tissues

Back 115

chemotactic factors

Front 116

is the ingestion and destruction of materials

Back 116

Phagocytosis

Front 117

are small phagocytic cells

Back 117

Neutrophils

Front 118

are large phagocytic cells. They can engulf more than neutrophils can.

Back 118

Macrophages

Front 119

What do Macrophages clean

Back 119

blood and lymph

Front 120

Macrophages involved in the activation of what cells

Back 120

B and T Cells

Front 121

release chemicals that promote inflammation.

Back 121

Basophils and Mast cells

Front 122

release enzymes that reduce inflammation.

Back 122

Eosinophils

Front 123

lyse tumor cells and virus-infected cells are called

Back 123

Natural killer cells

Front 124

can be initiated in many ways:

-chemical mediators cause vasodilation and increase vascular permeability, which allows the entry of other chemical mediators. chemical mediators attract phagocytes.

-The amount of chemical mediators and phagocytes increases until the cause of the inflammation is destroyed. The tissue undergoes repair. Local inflammation produces the symptoms of redness, heat, swelling, pain, and Loss of function. Symptoms of systemic inflammation include an increase in Neutrophil numbers, fever, and shock.

Back 124

Inflammatory Response

Front 125

In Inflammatory Response, what do chemical mediators cause

Back 125

vasodilation and increase vascular permeability

Front 126

In Inflammatory Response, chemical mediators cause vasodilation and increase vascular permeability, which allows the entry of

Back 126

other chemical mediators

Front 127

In Inflammatory Response, The amount of chemical mediators and phagocytes increases until the cause of the inflammation is

Back 127

destroyed

Front 128

In Inflammatory Response, The amount of what two things increases until the cause of the inflammation is destroyed

Back 128

chemical mediators and phagocytes

Front 129

In Inflammatory Response, after the inflammation is destroyed what do the tissue undergo

Back 129

repair

Front 130

In Inflammatory Response, what produces the symptoms of redness, heat, swelling, pain, and Loss of function.

Back 130

Local inflammation

Front 131

In Inflammatory Response, what symptoms does local inflammation produce

Back 131

redness, heat, swelling, pain, and Loss of function

Front 132

In Inflammatory Response, Symptoms of systemic inflammation include an increase in

Back 132

Neutrophil numbers, fever, and shock.

Front 133

In Inflammatory Response, what includes an increase in Neutrophil numbers, fever, and shock.

Back 133

Symptoms of systemic inflammation

Front 134

the body recognizes and destroys foreign substances, but the Response to them improves each time the foreign substance is encountered.

Back 134

Adaptive immunity

Front 135

In Adaptive immunity, What does the body recognizes and destroys

Back 135

foreign substances

Front 136

In Adaptive immunity, how does it respond to foreign substances with each encounter

Back 136

improves

Front 137

are characteristics of adaptive immunity but not innate
immunity.

Back 137

Specificity and memory

Front 138

What is Specificity and memory characteristics of and not a characteristic of

Back 138

adaptive immunity, innate
immunity

Front 139

is the ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance

Back 139

Specificity

Front 140

What is this an example of: innate immunity can act against bacteria in general, whereas adaptive Immunity can distinguish among different kinds of bacteria.

Back 140

Specificity

Front 141

is the ability of adaptive immunity to remember previous encounters with
a particular substance and, as a result, to respond to it more rapidly.

Back 141

Memory

Front 142

In Memory, what involves the ability to recognize, respond to, and remember a Particular substance.

Back 142

Adaptive immunity

Front 143

Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called

Back 143

Antigens

Front 144

What type of molecules are Antigens

Back 144

large

Front 145

are small molecules capable of Combining with larger molecules like blood proteins to stimulate an adaptive Immune system response

Back 145

Haptens

Front 146

What type of molecules are Haptens

Back 146

small

Front 147

is the ability of white blood cells to move to tissues that release chemotactic factors

Back 147

chemotaxis

Front 148

In Hapten, what are small molecules capable of combining with

Back 148

larger molecules

Front 149

In hapten, name the large molecules that the small molecules combine with

Back 149

blood proteins

Front 150

In hapten, what do the blood proteins combine to stimulate what type of response

Back 150

stimulate an adaptive Immune system response

Front 151

In memory, what is responsible for humoral, or antibody-mediated immunity.

Back 151

B cells

Front 152

In memory, what are B cells responsible for

Back 152

humoral, or antibody-mediated immunity

Front 153

In memory, what are involved with cell-mediated immunity

Back 153

T cells

Front 154

In memory, T cells involved with

Back 154

cell-mediated immunity