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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acquired immunity occurs only in___________
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jawed Vertebrates
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Many secretions are antibacterial due to __________ and by being _______.
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lysozymes (enzymes)
acidic |
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Internal defenses in innate immunity? What two types occur only in vertebrates?
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-Phagocytosis
-Antimicrobial peptides -Inflammation - Only in vertebrates -Natural Killer (NK) cells - Only in vertebrates |
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Pluripotent stem cell becomes a _________ which can become either a ________ or __________.
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-(Multipotent) Hematopoietic stem cell
-Lymphoid stem cell or -Myeloid stem cell |
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Lymphoid stem cells become:
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• Lymphocytes (B and T)
• NK cell** |
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Myeloid stem cell become:
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RBCs, platelets, & several WBCs
(baso-, eosino- & neutrophils, monocytes (which become macrophages**, mast cells**) |
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WBCs have special transmembrane proteins ___________ that bind to certain molecules on a pathogen’s surfaces
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toll-like receptors TLR
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How many TLRs in humans?
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13 types
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Primarily by 2 types of WBCs that perform phagocytosis:
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neutophils and macrophages
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Antimicrobial peptides May already be in the tissue known as ________ or produced by macrophages, epithelial cells or infected cells upon recognition of a pathogen known as __________
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-constitutive
-induced |
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interferon?
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antimicrobial polypeptide that induces cells to produce
antiviral substances |
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Complement system?
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30 proteins in the blood plasma to fight infection
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Mast cells (a type of WBC in connective tissue) produce?
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histamine (a nitrogenous chemical)
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Histamine increases blood vessel permeability allowing ____________ to enter tissue
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antimicrobial peptides
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Macrophages (another WBC) produce _________ which attract other __________
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-prostaglandins
-phagocytic WBCs |
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Kill cancerous or infected cells by releasing chemicals
Does not cause lysis (which would spread cell contents) Do not phagocytize – sends dead cells to urine and feces for expulsion |
Natural Killer cells
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________ activate Natural Killer cells
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cytokines
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B and T cells are activated by _____ and ______
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Cytokines and antigens
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various proteins produced by various immune cells that help recruit and activate lymphocytes
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cytokine
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Function of Helper T cells
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Activate lymphocytes (Both B and T)
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Function of cytotoxic T cells
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Disable infected cells
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Shape of antigen receptor in B-cells?
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Y
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Shape of antigen receptor in T cells?
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Straight
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Which type of cell has more antigen receptor types?
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T-cells
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Secreted B-cell receptors (i.e. NOT attached to B-cell membrane)
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Antibodies (aka Immunoglobulins)
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Major ways antibodies inactivate antigens?
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Neutralization
Opsonization Activation of the complement system |
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Neutralization?
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Block all accessible surfaces of antigen
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Opsonization?
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- Make it easier for macrophages to phagocytose antigen. Opsonization furthered by linking molecules together
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Linking of insoluble molecules in Opsonization?
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Agglutination
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Linking of soluble molecules in Opsonization?
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Precipitation
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a series of protein activations that constructs an attack complex to bore a hole in the antigen leading to lysis
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Activation of complement system
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MHC I
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∗Occur in almost all body cells
∗Present intracellular antigen fragments from infected cell ∗Cytotoxic T-cell binds MHC I/ antigen fragment complex activating the cytotoxic T-cell and causing it to kill the infected cell |
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MHC II occur only on ______ and ______
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macrophages and B-cells
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short-lived antibody secreting cells used in immediate fight against original antigen
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Plasma B-cells
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Examples of how passive immunity can be induced?
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Mothers milk passes antibodies to baby
Injection of antivenin can give immediate protection against venomous bites |