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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Acquired immunity occurs only in___________
jawed Vertebrates
Many secretions are antibacterial due to __________ and by being _______.
lysozymes (enzymes)

acidic
Internal defenses in innate immunity? What two types occur only in vertebrates?
-Phagocytosis
-Antimicrobial peptides
-Inflammation - Only in vertebrates
-Natural Killer (NK) cells - Only in vertebrates
Pluripotent stem cell becomes a _________ which can become either a ________ or __________.
-(Multipotent) Hematopoietic stem cell
-Lymphoid stem cell or
-Myeloid stem cell
Lymphoid stem cells become:
• Lymphocytes (B and T)
• NK cell**
Myeloid stem cell become:
RBCs, platelets, & several WBCs
(baso-, eosino- & neutrophils, monocytes (which become macrophages**, mast cells**)
WBCs have special transmembrane proteins ___________ that bind to certain molecules on a pathogen’s surfaces
toll-like receptors TLR
How many TLRs in humans?
13 types
Primarily by 2 types of WBCs that perform phagocytosis:
neutophils and macrophages
Antimicrobial peptides May already be in the tissue known as ________ or produced by macrophages, epithelial cells or infected cells upon recognition of a pathogen known as __________
-constitutive

-induced
interferon?
antimicrobial polypeptide that induces cells to produce
antiviral substances
Complement system?
30 proteins in the blood plasma to fight infection
Mast cells (a type of WBC in connective tissue) produce?
histamine (a nitrogenous chemical)
Histamine increases blood vessel permeability allowing ____________ to enter tissue
antimicrobial peptides
Macrophages (another WBC) produce _________ which attract other __________
-prostaglandins

-phagocytic WBCs
Kill cancerous or infected cells by releasing chemicals
Does not cause lysis (which would spread cell contents)
Do not phagocytize – sends dead cells to urine and feces for expulsion
Natural Killer cells
________ activate Natural Killer cells
cytokines
B and T cells are activated by _____ and ______
Cytokines and antigens
various proteins produced by various immune cells that help recruit and activate lymphocytes
cytokine
Function of Helper T cells
Activate lymphocytes (Both B and T)
Function of cytotoxic T cells
Disable infected cells
Shape of antigen receptor in B-cells?
Y
Shape of antigen receptor in T cells?
Straight
Which type of cell has more antigen receptor types?
T-cells
Secreted B-cell receptors (i.e. NOT attached to B-cell membrane)
Antibodies (aka Immunoglobulins)
Major ways antibodies inactivate antigens?
Neutralization
Opsonization
Activation of the complement system
Neutralization?
Block all accessible surfaces of antigen
Opsonization?
- Make it easier for macrophages to phagocytose antigen. Opsonization furthered by linking molecules together
Linking of insoluble molecules in Opsonization?
Agglutination
Linking of soluble molecules in Opsonization?
Precipitation
a series of protein activations that constructs an attack complex to bore a hole in the antigen leading to lysis
Activation of complement system
MHC I
∗Occur in almost all body cells
∗Present intracellular antigen fragments from infected cell
∗Cytotoxic T-cell binds MHC I/ antigen fragment complex activating the cytotoxic T-cell and causing it to kill the infected cell
MHC II occur only on ______ and ______
macrophages and B-cells
short-lived antibody secreting cells used in immediate fight against original antigen
Plasma B-cells
Examples of how passive immunity can be induced?
Mothers milk passes antibodies to baby

Injection of antivenin can give immediate protection against venomous bites