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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the major toxin found in aspirin? Describe the mechanism of action of aspirin toxicity?
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Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits cyclooxygenase which is necessary for prostaglandin synthesis which, in turn, inhibits mucoprotective GI secretions
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Which species (dog/cat) does aspirin toxicity affect more? How about ibuprofen?
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Cats! Has a 38h half life vs. 8h in dogs for aspirin!
Ibuprofin affects cats more too. |
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What other toxin can cause symptoms similar to aspirin toxicity?
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Ethylene glycol
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Predict the following values in a case of aspirin toxicity:
blood pH CBC biochem UA |
pH = acidosis
CBC = anemia, thrombocytopenia, heinz bodies biochem = azotemia, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia UA = normal to isothenuric |
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What is the general treatment for nSAID/aspirin toxicity?
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decontaminate
give fluids protect gastric mucosa (Omeprazole, ranitidine, sucralfate, misoprostol) |
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Ibuprofen affects which of the following enzymes? How about aspirin?
COX 1 COX 2 |
Aspirin and ibuprofen both block COX 1 and COX 2 (they're major COX blockers)
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Which has the longest half life, Aspirin, naproxen, or phenylbutazone?
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Naproxen! 74h!!!
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How does the toxic MOA of acetaminophen differ from that of the nSAIDS?
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Acetaminophen forms N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (a toxic electrophilic intermediate that oxidizes Hgb, causes hepatic necrosis, and methemeglobinemia)
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Methemeglobinemia is associated with which of the following:
a) phenylbutazone b) acetaminophen c) salycylic acid d) acetesalycylic acid e) naproxen sodium |
b) acetaminophen (also nitrate/nitrite poisoning)
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What enzyme deficiency makes cats more susceptible to acetaminophen toxicity?
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Glucuronyl transferase
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Which does xylitol affect mostly, dogs or cats?
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Dawgz!
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What is the MOA of xylitol toxicity?
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1) hepatic necrosis
2) causes insulin release --> hypoglycemia |
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What is the long-ass name for 2,4-D?
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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
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What is the MOA for 2,4-D toxicity?
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Inhibits glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; altered membrane electrical activity; causes myotonia in dogs
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Canine lymphoma is associated with which of the following toxins?
a) xylitol b) 2,4-D c) acetaminophen d) acetylsalicylic acid |
NONE! It was postulated that 2,4-D caused canine lymphoma but this is a ton of crap!!
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Which of the following are common GI signs associated with GI toxicity?
a) colic b) hemorrhagic diarrhea c) anorexia d) oral lesions e) regurgitation |
ALL OF EM!!
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What are causes of hemorrhagic diarrhea in cattle?
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C. perfringens, salmonellosis, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, coccidiosis
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What are causes of hemorrhagic diarrhea in horses?
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salmonellosis
clostridial enteritis |
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Which form of arsenic is the most toxic?
a) As 3+ b) As 5+ c) Aliphatic As d) Aromatic As |
a) As 3+ (trivalent)
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What are the MOAs for As toxicity? Which species of As is responsible for each?
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As3+ inhibits cell respiration, killing rapidly dividing cells
As5+ causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation |
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How can As toxicity be treated?
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Chelate with dimercaprol (provides S-H groups for As to bind)
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What is the "fly" that makes Spanish fly?
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Blister Beetles (Epicauta spp)
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What is the major toxin in blister beetle toxicity?
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Canthardin
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What are lesions associated with canthardin toxicity?
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Canthardin = blister beetle;
Necrosis of mucous membranes from oral cavity to GI; urethra and skin necrosis if excreted in urine |
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Moving cattle to a lush pasture may cause what respiratory disease? What toxin is responsible?
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"Fog Fever" or Acute Bovine Respiratory Emphysema;
Caused by 3-Methyl Indole |
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Plants high in which toxin can cause acute bovine respiratory emphysema?
a) L-tryptophan b) 3-Methyl Indole c) Paraquat d) 2,4-D |
a) L-tryptophan (this is converted to 3-MI in the rumen)
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What is the mechanism of toxicity for 3-MI?
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3-MI causes destruction of type 1 pneumocytes, allowing type 2 pneumocytes to proliferate
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What are some ddx for 3-MI toxicity?
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Sweet potato toxicity (moldy ones)
purple mint lung worms BRSV |
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What is the poopy-sounding name for 3-MI?
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Scatole
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What is the toxic principle in moldy sweet potato toxicity?
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Furanoterpenoid toxin produced by Fusarium solani
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What is the MOA for paraquat toxicity?
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paraquat is metabolized through the multifunction oxidase making free radicals; free radicals are bad...
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Which tissue will contain the highest concentration of paraquat in a case of paraquat toxicity?
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Lungs
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T or F:
Pulmonary damage is associated with high, low, and sub-acute paraquat toxicity. |
True!
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Which cell types are damaged in paraquat toxicity?
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Type I and II pneumocytes; clara cells; also PCT epithelium
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What is the major difference between diquat and paraquat in terms of toxic effect?
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Diquat doesn't accumulate in lung tissue (causes more GI, renal, and hepatic issues)
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What species are most susceptible to diquat poisoning?
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Fish & cattle
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What component of locoweed is responsible for reproductive issues?
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Swainosine
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When do abortions occur with swainosine intoxication? Deformities? Weak lambs?
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10-80d abortions
60-90d deformities 60-130d weak lambs |
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What is the teratogenic principle found in lupine? When does it cause problems and what does it cause?
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Anagyrine causes crooked calf syndrome at 40-70d
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What is the fancy-ass name for skunk cabbage? What does it cause?
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Veratrum californicum toxicity causes cyclopia in sheep at day 14
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What is the major toxin causing pine needle abortion? In which plants can this be found?
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Isocupressic acid can be found in various Pinus and Juniperus spp.
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Which toxin causes cyclopea? What gene does it affect?
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Cyclopamine affects the Sonic Hedgehog gene, causing cyclopea
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What is the MOA of isocupressic acid?
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Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist; causes vasoconstriction which stresses the fetus leading to abortion
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In which trimester is tall fescue toxicosis a concern to pregnant mares?
a) The first trimester b) the second trimester c) the third trimester d) the fourth trimester e) the last trimester |
technically both c and d (third and last); I hope your dumb ass realizes that there is no 4th trimester!
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Which mycotoxin is found on corn as a brown or pink stain? What fungal species does this come from?
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Zearalenone from Fusarium spp.
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What is the MOA for zearalenone toxicity?
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Zearalenone fits into estradiol receptor; rumen metabolizes it into alpha/beta zearalenol which has 4x the affinity
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T or F:
Zearalenone does not cause death or abortions. |
True! It disrupts the estrus cycle and cause infertility and feminization in males
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What are examples of estrogenic plants?
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White clover (Trifolium repens)
Subterranean clover (Trifoleum subterraneum) Red clover (Trifoleum pratense) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) |
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What non-reproductive effect might clover toxicity cause?
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Photosensitization (from red or alsike clover)
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What is the toxin in red clover? In Alsike clover?
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Red (slaframine from rhizoconia)
Alsike (unknown) |
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How does red clover toxicity differ from alsike clover toxicity?
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Both cause photosensitization. Alsike also causes liver issues and BIG HEAD
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What causes mare reproductive loss syndrome?
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Hypothesized to be setae from tent caterpillars.
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What are examples of aminoglycosides? What system do they mainly effect?
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All the 'mycins (streptomycins, gentimycins, etc);
these impact kidneys |
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How can aminoglycoside toxicity be PREVENTED?
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less frequent dosing at higher level (greater time period between doses is nephroprotective)
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Which antifungal is nephrotoxic?
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Amphotericin-B
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What is the dealio with vitamin K toxicity? Which species are affected?
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Synthetic vit K (3-Menadione sodium bisulfite) is nephrotoxic to HORSES
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Which two antibiotic classes are nephrotoxic?
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Sulfonamides
Aminoglycosides |
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How can sulfonamide toxicity be avoided? What organ system(s) do they impact?
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Nephrotoxicity can be avoided by using sulfa combinations and ensuring adequate hydration
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What is the rate-limiting step in EG toxicity?
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Alcohol dehydrogenase conversion of EG to glycoaldehyde
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What is the timeframe for the 3 stages of EG toxicity in dogs? Cats?
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stage 1 (30min to 12h)
stage 2 (12-24h) stage 3 (36-72h dogs; 12-24h cats) |
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What are some clin path data indicating EG toxicity?
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elevated anion gap
decreased blood CO2, HCO3, and pH Ca Oxalate monohydrate crystals in urine |
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How can vomiting be induced in cats? In dogs?
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Cats - xylazine
Dogs - apomorphine |
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What are two ways to combat EG metabolism?
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Treat IV w/antizol (4MP);
Treat w/7% EtOH |
