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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Puberty in the dog is...
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...onset of the 1st estrus
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What structure obscures the canid cervix from visual examination?
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dorsomedial fold
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What organism yields the most information upon vaginal culture of the bitch?
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none! lots of stuff lives in there
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Predict the relative levels of estrogen and progesterone in the receptive bitch.
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dropping to basal E2
raising progesterone |
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Predict the relative levels of estrogen and progesterone in the proestral bitch
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high E2
progesterone is basal |
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What is unique about the ovulated canid oocyst?
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Oocyte ovulated as a primary oocyte (stuck in meiosis I)
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What morphological vaginal change is associated with the fertile period in the bitch?
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Creunlation
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What is the 2 day rule in breeding bitches?
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LH surge day 0
2d before ovulation 2d primary oocyte to secondary oocyte (fertile oocyte) 2d oocyte remains fertile |
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How is testicular volume calculated in the stallion?
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L x W x H x 0.5233
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What are signs of libido in the stallion?
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Restless, pawing, vocalizing, erection, flehmen, sniffing, licking
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Where does the gel come from?
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Accessory sex glands
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How much motility should be present after 6h in raw semen? After 24 h in refrigerated semen?
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10% motility for both
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What are the major transmissible diseases tested for during a stallion breeding soundness exam?
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Equine viral arteritis
Taylorella equigenitalum |
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What is normal horse seminal pH?
a) 6.4 - 6.8 b) 6.8 - 7.2 c) 7.2 - 7.7 d) 7.4 - 7.8 |
c) 7.2 - 7.7
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What levels of alkaline phosphatase indicate a complete ejaculation?
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>2500 U/L
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Put the following in order for the mare estrus cycle:
LH peak Ovulation Estrogen Peak FSH Peak |
FSH peak
E2 peak Ovulation LH peak |
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How large does an equine follicle have to be before ovulation can be induced?
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35mm
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How much of the mare's vulvar cleft should be below the pelvic floor?
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70%
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What are the 3 barriers that the mare's uterus has to the outside world?
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Vulva
Vaginovestibular sphincter Cervix |
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If a mare's cervix looks pale and relaxed, this indicates which stage?
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Anestrus
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If the mare's cervix is pale, dry, tight, and projecting into the vagina, which stage does this indicate? Which hormone is predominant?
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Diestrus (progesterone)
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Unremarkable ovaries with few follicles present, all <20mm in diameter describes...
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...anestrous ovaries
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Why is ultrasound mapping prior to pregnancy important in the mare?
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differentiates twins
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Horses are:
a) polyestrous long-day breeders b) monestrous short day breeders c) polyestrous short-day breeders d) monestrous long day breeders |
a) polyestrous long-day breeders
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How much continuous light is necessary to cause cycling in mares?
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>16hrs
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Where should mares be inseminated? Cows?
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Mares - uterotubal junction ipsilateral to ovulation
Cows - uterine body |
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Regarding testicular pathology in the stallion, this condition usually presents as a non-painful, unilateral hard scrotal swelling.
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Testicular tumor (usually seminoma)
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What is the hallmark of testicular degeneration upon semen evaluation?
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Oligospermia with normal seminal ALP; round sperm precursors and giant cells
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Regarding testicular pathology in the stallion, this accounts for 2 - 10% of stallion colics.
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Inguinal hernia
(most common on the L) |
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Choose your 'coele...
...pathologic accumulation of serous fluid between visceral and parietal layers of the vaginal tunic. |
Hydrocoele
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Choose your 'coele...
...rupture of the tunica albuginea. |
Hematocoele
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Choose your 'coele...
...nonpainful enlargement of the spermatic cord. |
Varicocoele
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Persistent erection =
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priaprism
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paraphimosis is...
a) persistent erection b) inability to withdraw penis c) inability to protrude penis |
b) inability to withdraw penis
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What are major causes of orchitis and epididymitis in the stallion?
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Strep zooepidemicus
Pseudomonas mallei |
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How long is a mare's oocyte viable after ovulation?
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<8 hours
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When does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur in the mare? What initiates this?
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By day 10-15, embryo motility prevents the release of PGF2a from the endometrium
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When does equine embryo fixation usually occur? Implantation?
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d16 fixation; implantation d35
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If EED occurs by day 45, how soon after fetal loss will the mare come back into cycle?
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LOOOOOOOOONG time! About 295 days! Once e-cups are in place (d 35), pregnancy will last no matter what!
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How large is the equine fetus by:
3mos 5mos 6mos 8mos 10mos |
3 (kitten)
5 (rabbit) 6 (beagle) 8 (lamb) 10 (german shepherd) |
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The equine fetus is unable to change position by what timeframe?
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By 6 months!
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How often should EHV vaccine be given during pregnancy (and when)?
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5, 7, and 9 months
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What roles do the placenta, hypothalamus, and pituitary have on parturition and when is the effect seen?
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Placenta (relaxin, last half gestation)
Hypothalamus (PRL, 4-6 wks pre foal) PItuitary (oxytocin; @ foaling) |
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What is the last chance to change positioning in parturition?
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Stage 1
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What should the colostral density be?
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>1.060
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Where is the placenta usually retained? What is the main complication? What is a good treatment?
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Retained at the tips of the horns; causes laminitis; treat w/oxytocin, abx, tetanus antitoxin
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How can parturition be induced after 320 days in the mare?
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looooooow dose oxytocin
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What is the most common causes of vaginitis and cervicitis in the mare?
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irritation (air, urine, chemicals, particulates)
breeding/foal trauma |
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80% of all isthmitis occurs secondarily to _____________.
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endometritis
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Which layers are involved in postpartum metritis? What is the most common etiologic agent?
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Endometrium, Myometrium, Serosa
EEEEEEEEEE COLIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII |
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What are two ecbolics and what is their duration of action?
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Oxytocin (30-40 min)
PGF2a (<5hrs) |
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T or F:
Pyometra in the horse is treated similarly to the cow (no abx and PGF2a) |
True!
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The most common cause for infertility in mares is...
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...endometritis
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What are common STD causes of endometritis in mares?
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Taylorella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas
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Which of the following are congruent with pyometra in the mare?
a) pyrexia b) tachycardia c) vulvar discharge d) tachypnea e) prolonged anestrus |
c) vulvar discharge
e) prolonged anestrus NO SYSTEMIC SIGNS |
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Endometritis, by definition, extends no deeper than the...
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stratum spongiosum
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What are signs of Taylorella infection?
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Shortened diestrous
Copious mucopurulent discharge Severe acute multifocal lymphocytic endometritis Abortion within 60d of gestation |
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How is Taylorella treated?
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IU ampicillin or penicillin
clean clitoral fossa w/chlorhex or nitrofurazone |
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What is the best diagnostic test for endometritis? What is the best treatment?
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cytology for dx; lavage for tx
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What is the cause for persistent post-breeding endometritis?
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Influx of PMNs into uterine lumen following the chemotactic effect of sperm
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What are some normal uterine flora?
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NO NORMAL UTERINE FLORA
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Describe the mare estrus cycle stage for an endometrial biopsy that shows...
...straignt glands, straight columnar cells, and nesting. |
Estrus
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Describe the mare estrus cycle stage for an endometrial biopsy that shows...
...straignt glands and low cuboidal cells |
metestrus
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Describe the mare estrus cycle stage for an endometrial biopsy that shows...
...tall columnar cells, tortuous glands, dnesely glandular, and no nesting |
diestrus
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Which endometrial biopsy grade carries a 10-50% chance of conception and maintenance of pregnancy?
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Grade IIB
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A bovid with ovaries but male genitalia describes..
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...female pseudohermaphrodite
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The overall incidence of pregnancy loss in mares is...
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...5-15%
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What are the two ways that bacteria can enter the parturient system to cause abortion?
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Via the cervix
Via maternal circulation |
