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89 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the 5 types of endocrine secretions?

Steroids
Lipids
Iodothyronine
Catecholamines
Glycoproteins (polypeptides)
How are excess hormones removed? By which organs?
Degraded by liver
Excreted by kidneys
Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...short half life
Polypeptide
Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...target receptors on plasma membrane.
Polypeptide
Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...activates protein kinase via cAMP
Polypeptide
Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...stored in secretory granules
Polypeptide
Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...most common hormone
polypeptide
Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...long half life
steroid
Let's play Steroid or Polypeptide hormone!
...target receptors usually in nucleus
steroid
Which mechanisms of endocrinopathy DO NOT directly involve the secretory gland (ie not a primary or secondary function)?
dysfunction due to target cell response
secretion by non-endocrine neoplasms
abnormal hormone degredation
iatrogenic hormone excess
What are the three mechanisms resulting in a primary hypofunction?
Destruction of secretory cells
Secretory cell aplasia
Biochemical defect in synthetic pathway
What are two mechanisms that will cause a secondary hypofuction?
Nutritional deficiency
Destruction of cells in organ interfering with secretion by another organ (eg: pituitary destruction causes adrenal cortical hypofunction)
T or F:
Primary hyperfunction is generally neoplastic.
True
Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...Acidophil adenoma (pituitary gland)
Growth hormone --> Acromegaly
Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...Adrenal cortical adenoma/carcinoma
Estrogen --> feminization
Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...Pheochromocytoma
Norepinephrine --> hypertension
Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...Follicular cell adenoma
T4/T3 --> increased basal metabolic rate
Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...C-cell adenoma/carcinoma
Calcitonin --> osteosclerosis
Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...chief cell adenoma
PTH --> fibrous osteodystrophy
Give the hormone and lesion/sign exhibited by the following neoplasia...
...beta cell adenoma/carcinoma
insulin --> hypoglycemia
T or F:
Secondary hyperfunction is primarily unilateral in paired organs.
False! It is bilateral
Which adrenal layer is involved in salt regulation and what hormone does it secrete?
Zona glomerulosa --> mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Which adrenal layer is involved in glucose regulation and what hormone does it secrete?
Zona fasciculata --> glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Which adrenal layer is involved in sex hormones and what hormone does it secrete?
Zona reticularis --> androgens (T, DHT, Androstenedione, DHEA)
Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and NE
What would be some sequelae to oversecretion of ACTH (with regard to endocrine function)?
Bilateral secondary hyperfunction of adrenal cortex --> increased cortisol secretion --> increased gluconeogenesis and immunosuppression
What are two common causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
1) nutritional (low Ca, high P, low vit D)
2) renal dz (hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia --> increased PTH secretion)
What is the most awesome example of paraneoplastic syndrome?
Adenocarcinoma of anal sac secreting PTH-like protein
What is a good example of endocrine dysfunction due to failure of target cell response?
1) insulin resistance
2) lack of adenylate cyclase (???)
If hyperestrogenism is the condition and abnormal degradation is the dysfunction, what is the mechanism?
Liver damage (cirrhosis) causes decreased estrogen degradation
Anatomy review:
What are the two main parts of the pituitary?
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
Anatomy review:
What are the parts of the neurohyhpophysis?
Pars nervosa
Infundibulum
Anatomy review:
What are the parts of the adenohypophysis?
Pars intermedia
P. distalis
P. tuberalis
What endocrinopathy would the excess iatrogenic administration of corticosteroids cause?
hypercorticism and atrophy of adrenal cortex
What endocrinopathy would the excess iatrogenic administration of insulin cause?
hypoglycemia
What endocrinopathy would the excess iatrogenic administration of thyroxin cause?
hyperthyroidism
What endocrinopathy would the excess iatrogenic administration of progesterones cause?
excess GH production by mammary glands --> acromegaly
The pituitary secretes a ton of hormones. What are some of them?
Growth hormone (somatotrophin)
Prolactin
ACTH
LH
FSH
TSH
MSH
ADH (Vasopressin)
Oxytocin
What are the main hormones secreted by the neurohypophysis?
Oxytocin
ADH (vasopressin)
What are the main hormones secreted by the Adenohypophysis?
TSH
ACTH
FSH
Prl
GH
MSH
Endorphins
T or F:
Fetuses with congenital aplasia of the pituitary often spontaneously abort.
False!
No pituitary = no birth (lack of progesterone conversion into estrogen)
What hormone level is low in pituitary dwarfism?
Somatomedin
What condition is characterized by an excess of corticosteroids?
Cushing's Disease
What is the most common pituitary tumor of the horse? What are some major clinical signs with this tumor?
Pars intermedia adenoma;
Hirsutism, old horse, hyperhidrosis, & etc
T or F:
The pars intermedia adenoma is the most common pituitary tumor in the dog.
False! It is the 2nd most common! However, it is the most common in the horse.
Calcinosis cutis is a finding in dogs with what type of tumors?
Pars intermedia adenoma
What is the major hormone involved with neurohypophyseal disorders?
ADH
What is the function of aldosterone? Where does it act?
Sodium resorption and water retention; acts at the distal convoluted tubule
What is the function of ADH?
Acts on collecting duct to retain water (insertion of aquaporin 2 channels)
What are the two causes of diabetes insipidus?
Neurohypophyseal tumor
Nephrogenic DI (no ADH receptors in kidney)
T or F:
Most adrenal tumors occur in the cortex.
True!
Hypoadrenocorticism is also known as...
...Addison's Disease
Adrenocortical hemorrhage is also known as.....
What is this lesion indicative of?
Waterhouse-Fredrichsen Syndrome is indicative of septicemia
What is a common form of benign adrenal tumor common in old horses, dogs, and cats?
Nodular hyperplasia
What is the #1 cause of hyperadrenalcorticism in older dogs?
Functional pituitary adenoma
T or F:
Adrenocortical adenomas are more common than adrenocortical carcinomas.
True!
What is a unique finding in dogs with adrenocortical carcinomas?
Hepatomegaly
What is a common adrenal medullary tumor that can occur in animals of any age (especially dogs)?
Pheochromocytoma
What are the endocrine cells of the thyroid and what do they produce?
C-cells (parafollicular cells) - calcitonin
Follicular cells - T3/T4
What are some histologic signs that a thyroid's follicular cells are active?
pinocytotic vesicles
What are some histological markers of follicular cell hyperplasia?
columnar cells with little or no colloid
What are some histological markers of follicular cell atrophy?
low cuboidal cells
In which species is hypothyroidism an important problem?
Dogs
What is a non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic thyroid enlargement?
Goiter
What pathology of the heart is associated with hyperthyroidism in cats?
Secondary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What are some mechanisms (causes) of thyroid hyperplasia?
Iodine deficiency
Excess iodide
Defects in thyroglobulin or hormone synthesis
Goitrogenic compounds
Atherosclerosis is linked with which endocrinopathy?
Hypothyroid
What is a (typically) benign and inactive incidental finding in the thyroid of old animals?
Multifocal nodular hyperplasia
Contrast follicular cell carcinomas and adenomas on palpation.
Carcinomas are fixed
Adenomas are movable
where are the dopaminergic cells of the brainstem reticular formation?
substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area
Which hormone is secreted by parafollicular cells? What is the function of this hormone?
Calcitonin; increases Ca deposition, decreases Ca uptake and resorption
What are the activities of PTH on Ca and P?
Ca (increase mobilization of bone Ca, increase Ca uptake in intestines, increase Ca resorption in kidneys)
P (decrease resorption of P in kidneys)
What hormone is responsible for activating vitamin D?
PTH
What are the remnants of the ducts connecting parathyroid to the thymic primordia called? In which species do they commonly occur?
...Parathyroid (Kursteiner's) cysts; occurs frequently in dogs
Which is more prevalent, hypo or hyperparathyroidism?
Hyperparathyroidism
What disease process causes hypoparathyroidism?
Lymphocytic parathyroiditis (immune mediated)
What are major causes for primary hyperparathyroidism?
Chief cell neoplasms
What are major causes for secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Nutritional imbalances (low Ca, high P);
Renal disease
What is the most common neoplasm associated with hypercalcemia in dogs and cats?
Lymphosarcoma (secreting PTH-like hormone)
T or F:
Parturient hypocalcemia can be prevented by increasing the dam's dietary intake of Ca before parturition.
False!
Lower Ca diets help prevent inactivation of parathyroid glands.
What are the major endocrine cells of the pancreas and what do they excrete?
Alpha cells - glucagon
Beta - insulin
Delta - somatostatin
Gamma - gastrin
F or PP - pancreatic polypeptide
What are causes of diabetes mellitus in young dogs?
Immune-mediated isletitis
Idiopathic atrophy of pancreas
Hypoplasia of the islets
Chronic pancreatitis
Islet amyloidosis is common in which species?
Cats, humans, and nonhuman primates
What are some sequelae to ORGANS seen with diabetes mellitis?
Hepatomegaly (lipid accumulation and cirrhosis)
Cataracts
Chronic renal dz
Which species commonly develop beta cell adenomas or carcinomas?
Dogs (5-12yr)
older cattle
ferrets
Which is more common in the dog, beta cell adenomas or carcinomas?
B cell carcinomas
Besides insulin, what other secretion is common in islet cell neoplasms?
Gastrin
Heart base tumors are generally neoplasms of which endocrine organs?
Chemoreceptor organs (carotid body or aortic body)
5-10% of heart base neoplasms in dogs are derived from what tissue?
Ectopic thyroid gland tissue