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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the components of the nephron? |
Nephron = renal corpuscle + renal tubule
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What are the components of the renal corpuscle?
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Glomerulus + Bowman's Capsule
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Which part of the kidney is responsible for renin production? Which part produces erythropoietin? Where is Vitamin D activated?
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus (renin);
Proximal convoluted tubules (EPO & Vit D) |
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T or F:
Glomeruli cannot regenerate. |
True!
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What two physical properties does the glomerular filtration barrier use to filter plasma?
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Filters by size and charge
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What are the size and charge selectivities of the glomerular filtration barrier?
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Size between 68 and 69kd;
Repels negatively charged ions |
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What are three general processes that can damage the glomerular filtration barrier?
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Inflammation
Degeneration Immunologic reactions |
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What syndrome results from the failure of the glomerular filtration barrier?
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Nephrotic syndrome
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What are the clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome?
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Proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia Anasarca Hypercholesteremia Lipiduria |
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Which region of the nephron has detoxifying potential?
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Proximal convoluted tubule has cyt p450
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Which region of the nephron is responsible for protein spillover resorption?
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Proximal convoluted tubule
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Which region of the nephron is responsible for Na resorption by active transport?
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Proximal convoluted tubule
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Which part of the nephron is principally responsible for urine concentration?
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Loop of Henle
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Which part of the nephron is under pituitary control?
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Distal convoluted tubule (via ADH)
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Which part of the nephron loop provides feedback on Na concentration?
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Macula densa
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Choose tubular disease or glomerular disease...
...proteinuria. |
Glomerular dz
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Choose tubular disease or glomerular disease...
...abnormal electrolytes. |
Tubular disease
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Choose tubular disease or glomerular disease...
...polyuria. |
Tubular disease
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What is the clinical significance to the fusion of the cranial poles of both kidneys (horseshoe kidney)?
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no clinical significance!
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Which domestic species has freely movable kidneys?
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Cats!
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What are the three main categories of nephritis?
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Glomerulonephritis
Tubulointerstitial nephritis Pyelonephritis |
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The interaction of immunologic and inflammatory reactants at the glomerulus describes...
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...glomerulonephritis
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What are major causes of primary glomerulonephritis?
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idiopathic!
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What are the two funny sounding terms that describe secondary glomerulonephritis?
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lumpy-bumpy
smooth and linear |
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Choose lumpy-bumpy or smooth and linear...
...anti-GBM disease. |
Smooth and linear
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Choose lumpy-bumpy or smooth and linear...
...antibody made to glomerular basement membrane. |
Smooth and linear
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Choose lumpy-bumpy or smooth and linear...
...immune complex disease. |
lumpy-bumpy
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Choose lumpy-bumpy or smooth and linear...
...found in horses and humans. |
smooth and linear (anti-GBM disease)
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What are the two main glomerular responses to injury?
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Cellular proliferation (fills Bowman's space);
Thickening of basement membrane |
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T or F:
Glomeruli are only visible macroscopically in cats. |
False!
They are visible in all species |
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Approximately how many nuclei should be in each glomeruli?
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90-120 nuclei
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Abnormal thickening of the glomerular basement membrane describes which condition? What capillary condition is associated with this?
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Membranous glomerulonephritis & "wire loop" capillaries
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What condition exhibits thickening of the basal lamina AND hypercellularity in the glomerulus?
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Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
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What is the end-stage of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
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Sclerosing glomerulonephritis
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What are major causes of embolic glomerulonephritis?
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Vegetative endocarditis (L sided);
Actinobacillosis in foals |
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What are two diseases of dogs responsible for persistent proteinuria in dogs?
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Glomerulonephritis and amyloidosis
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What are some major causes of secondary glomerulonephritis in dawgs?
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Pyometra
Heartworm dz Infectious canine hepatitis Lyme dz Canine systemic lupus |
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What are some major causes of secondary glomerulonephritis in catz?
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Virus associated (FeLV, FIP, FIV)
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What are some major causes of secondary glomerulonephritis in horseses?
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RARE AS A CLINICAL ENTITY! Wow, it's the one thing that horses can not die from!!
EIA & Strept do cause this |
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What are some major causes of secondary glomerulonephritis in piggies?
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Hog cholera
African swine fever Leukemia |
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What are some major causes of secondary glomerulonephritis in ruminants?
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Rarely clinically important.
BVD (experimentally) Finnish-Landrace lambs can't solubulize immune complexes |
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Which endocrinopathy can lead to a defect in the glomerular anionic charge?
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D. mellitus causes a sialyation defect
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Glomerular lipidosis is rare and only reported in...
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...DAWGZ
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What condition would give a waxy appearance to the kidney?
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Amyloidosis!
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What common halogen stains amyloid purple/black?
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Iodine!
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Which dog breeds are predisposed to juvenile progressive renal disease? |
Dude...chill out and go get a beer! You don't need to learn all this sh**! It's pretty much every dog anyway... |
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What is a top differential for dogs under 6 years dying of chronic renal disease?
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Juvenile progressive renal disease
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Tubular or tubulointerstitial disease is characterized by defects in which processes?
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Concentrating ability
Tubular defects in absorption or secretion |
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Which region of the nephron is most susceptible to toxins?
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Proximal convoluted tubules (most cyt p450)
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What is the end result to most tubular disease?
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Anuria!
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What are some IMPORTANT chemical toxins contributing to toxic tubular nephritis?
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Mostly transition and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Hg); also P
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What are some important organic chemicals that exhibit nephrotoxicty?
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EG, CCl4 (wait...this isn't truly organic), oxalates, melamine (thanks China)
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Oxalate crystals are NORMAL in the kidneys of which species?
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Calves
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What are some general classes of nephrotoxins?
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Metals
Organic chemicals Plant poisons Mycotoxins/antibiotics |
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Which region of the nephron is affected in hypoxic nephrosis?
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loops of Henle
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What proteins are associated with hypoxic nephrosis?
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Hemoglobin and myoglobin (due to crushing injury)
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What are major causes of interstitial nephritis?
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Leptospirosis
Canine Herpes Virus FIP White Spotted Kidneys (E. coli in calves??) |
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Choose canine, porcine, bovine, or equine leptospirosis...
...associated with uremic odor. |
Canine
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Choose canine, porcine, bovine, or equine leptospirosis...
...associated with abortions. |
Equine and porcine
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Choose canine, porcine, bovine, or equine leptospirosis...
...associated with icterus. |
Canine
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Choose canine, porcine, bovine, or equine leptospirosis...
...can be hemolytic. |
Bovine
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Choose canine, porcine, bovine, or equine leptospirosis...
...usually subclinical or asymptomatic. |
Equine and porcine
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I say "turkey egg" renal hemorrhage, you say...
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...Canine herpes virus!
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When are canine herpesvirus infections contracted that result in multisystemic hemorrhage?
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In utero or during birth
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What condition are polar infarcts to the kidney indicative of?
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Urinary blockage
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What end-stage kidney condition is often seen in cats?
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Chronic interstitial nephritis
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Interstitial nephritis involving the renal pelvis is...
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...pyelonephritis
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What are the two mechanisms from which pyelonephritis arises? Which is more common?
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Ascending infection (most common);
Hematogenous (descending) infection |
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T or F:
Pyelonephritis is more common in males than in females. |
False!
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What are the most common organisms responsible for pyelonephritis in the dog?
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E. coli
S. aureus |
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What are the most common organisms responsible for pyelonephritis in the cow?
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Corynebacterium renale
Arcanobacterium pyogenes |
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What are the most common organisms responsible for pyelonephritis in the horse?
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Actinobacillus
Klebsiella |
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What are the most common organisms responsible for pyelonephritis in the pig?
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Chlamydia suis
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A metabolic disease with excess amounts of inorganic and organic compounds in the urine describes...
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...tubular transport disease
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T or F:
There are no histologic or morphologic changes evident in tubular transport diseases. |
True! It is a metabolic defect
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Which calculi do dalmations with tubular transport disease get?
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uric acid calculi
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Which calculi do dachshunds with tubular transport disease get?
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cystine uroliths
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What major clinical finding would be evident in a Basenji with tubular transport disease?
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Glycosuria
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Why would animals with glycogen nephrosis have bubble-wrap kidneys?
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Gas produced from bacteria fermenting the sugars
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What is the clinical significance to cholemic nephrosis? What causes this condition?
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No clinical significance; caused by increased bilirubin in blood
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What is a Cloisonne kidney? What is the significance of this?
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Ferritin and hemosiderin in tubules and thickened basement membrane in goat kidneys.
No functional significance! |
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What is a common renal finding in terminally dehydrated piglets and dogs? What is the significance of this?
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Dehydration salts; this is an artifact
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Which renal arteries are commonly impacted by infarcts?
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Arcuate and interlobular arteries
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What are some common causes of renal hemorrhage as a sequel to septicemia?
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MCF, Canine herpesvirus, Lepto, hog cholera, erysipalas
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What is a common cause of renal hemorrhage in cows that also causes deformed calves that look like Corgis?
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Oak bud/acorn toxicosis
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How can anemia affect kidney function?
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Anemia > low blood pressure > decreased GFR > oliguria and anuria
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What are differentials for a pale gray to white lesion that surrounds the subcapsular vessels on a cat kidney?
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FIP immune complex disease;
also don't forget lymphoma in cats! |
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You have a freshly dead lamb with gelatinous kidneys. What is the etiology of the death?
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Clostridium perfringens (pulpy kidney disease)
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What are some causes of bilateral renal cortical necrosis in pigs?
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Haemophilus; Edema dz.
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What are some causes of bilateral renal cortical necrosis in cattle?
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Grain overload; metritis; mastitis
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What are some causes of bilateral renal cortical necrosis in horses?
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Azoturia
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What is the largest parasitic nematode? Where can it be found?
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Dioctophyma renale (in renal pelvis of dogs >2yo)
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What is the most common tumor of parakeets?
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Embryonal nephroma
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What are the common primary neoplasms of the kidney?
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Embryonal nephroma;
Adenoma & adenocarcinoma; Transitional cell carcinoma |
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What is the most common metastatic renal tumor in cats and cows? How 'bout dogs?
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Lymphosarcoma (cat/cow)
Hemangiosarcoma (dawg) |
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You have a young siberian husky that is constantly dribbling urine. What is wrong with it?
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Ectopic ureter (most likely; they're predisposed)
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T or F:
There is no hydronephrosis or hydroureter with a complete urinary obstruction. |
True! Complete obstruction leads to death of organ!
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What are the three categories of calculogenesis leading to urolithiasis? What is the best way to prevent calculogenesis?
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Precipitation
Matrix nucleation Absence of inhibitory substance (low pH + water is preventive) |
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What are some causes of urolithiasis that affect most animals?
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Bacterial infection;
Aminoaciduria; Oxalate; Hyperparathyroidism; Dietary mineral imbalances; water deprivation |
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What is a common cause of urolithiasis in ruminants?
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Vitamin A deficiency leading to squameous metaplasia
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What is a common cause of urolithiasis in dalmations?
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Uric acid metabolic defect
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What is a common cause of urolithiasis in cats?
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Calicivirus & herpesvirus
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What is a common cause of urolithiasis in sheep?
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subterranean clover
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A urolith that takes the shape of the renal pelvis is a(n)...
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...staghorn calculus
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Chalky white lines or stripes found in the inner renal cortex of dogs are usually...
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...dehydration salts
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What is the most common inflammation of the bladder? What sex is predisposed to this?
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Females are predisposed to cystitis
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Bovine enzootic hematuria is associated with what two causes?
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Bracken fern poisoning and BPV-2
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Hyperplastic inflammation of the urinary bladder in a cow is typically due to what form of cystitis?
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Bovine enzootic hematuria
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What do you think if you open up a horse bladder and see yellow/green sludgy urine?
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EEEEEEEEEW! but this is normal!
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Equine epizootic cystitis is associated with what feedstuff?
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Sudan grass and sorghum
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Which is more likely to have a ruptured bladder, a male or female foal?
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Male! Due to rupture during parturition
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Lymphoid follicles in the urinary bladder of dogs are indicative of what process? What is the significance of this?
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Lymphoid (follicular) cystitis; no clinical significance, may be healed chronic cystitis
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What is bubble-wrap bladder also called? What is the mechanism of this?
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Emphysematous cystitis due to glycosuria and gas producing bacteria
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In which domestic species is patent urachus the most common in?
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Horse
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An old male dog with a bubble on his butt might have...
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...a perineal hernia
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Which primary neoplasms are possible in the bladder? What species predispositions does each have?
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Leiomyoma
Papilloma (cattle due to bracken fern) Transitional cell carcinoma (dogs) |
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Choose pre, post, or renal renal failure...
...caused by reduced blood flow and reduced glomerular filtration. |
pre renal
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Choose pre, post, or renal renal failure...
...associated with anemia or dehydration. |
pre-renal
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Choose pre, post, or renal renal failure...
...associated with glomerulopathies. |
renal
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Choose pre, post, or renal renal failure...
...associated with cardiovascular disease. |
pre-renal
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Choose pre, post, or renal renal failure...
...associated with tubulointerstitial disease. |
renal
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Choose pre, post, or renal renal failure...
...associated with calculi or neoplasia. |
post-renal
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T or F:
Azotemia and uremia both indicate increased urine in the blood. |
False!
Neither is really urine in the blood, uremia is the clinical disease while azotemia is increased blood urea and creatinine. |
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What are some classic lesions associated with uremia?
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oral & nasal ulcers
ulcerative hemorrhagic gastritis or colitis pleural frosting hyperparathyroidism (renal 2') Anemia Pancreatic/lymphoid atrophy |
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What is a cheap and easy way to test for uremia?
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Smell breath for ammonia odor
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