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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many axons does an oligodendrocyte myelinate?
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lots
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What are some functions of astrocytes?
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Homeostasis of CNS (ion, water balance, detox, sequesteration & etc)
Repair Barriers (glia limitans and BBB) |
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What do microglial cells do?
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Phagocytes for CNS
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Proliferation of astrocytes is known as...
Extensive proliferation then becomes... |
Astrocytosis;
Astrogliosis = glial scarring |
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Astrocytes that have swelled/hypertrophied as a reactive process are known as...
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gemistocytes
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What protein is used to identify reactive astrocytes?
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GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein)
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T or F:
Glial scarring = fibrosis. |
False!
There are no fibroblasts in the CNS! |
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List the cell types in the CNS in order of highest to lowest susceptibility to ischemic injury.
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Neuron
Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia Blood vessels |
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Which neuronal populations in the brain are the MOST susceptible to ischemic injury?
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Purkinje cells
Cerebral cortical neurons Hippocampal neurons Basal ganglia neurons |
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Excitotoxicity is caused by the persistent activation of which receptors?
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Glutamate receptors
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Which ion is ultimately responsible excitotoxic injury?
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Influx of Ca causes impaired mitochondrial fxn and generation of oxidative stress.
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What toxin is responsible for serious and/or fatal CNS disease in marine mammals as a result of marine algal blooms? What is the mechanism?
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Demoic acid is a glutamic acid analogue, leading to excitotoxic injury.
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What are 3 main extracranial causes of seizures?
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Liver disease
Hypoxia Intestinal parasitism (Puppies) |
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What are some intracranial causes of seizures?
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Inflammation
Neoplasia Malformation Injury Neuronal degeneration Idiopathic epilepsy |
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What is your big differential for seizures in dogs 1-3yrs?
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idiopathic epilepsy
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What are differentials for seizures in dogs <6mos?
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hypoglycemia
portosystemic shunt malformation distemper protozoa (toxoplasma, neospora) |
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What is the main differential for seizures in old dogs or cats?
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Neoplasia
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What is the main differential for a sudden and rapid seizure leading to death in dogs/cats of any age?
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toxicity
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What is a weird cause of encephalopathy in horses (hint - its not a portosystemic shunt)?
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Idiopathic hyperammonemia syndrome
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What is a general term for malformation of the spinal cord? What animals are most commonly affected?
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Myelodysplasia;
Dawgs (Weimeraner) and Cattle |
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Failure of vertebral arches to fuse dorsally is known as...
In which species is this common? |
spina bifida is common in manx cats and english bulldogs
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If the meninges protrudes through a lesion it's called...
If the meninges + spinal cord protrude... |
Meningocele
Meningomyelocele |
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Failure of the cranial bones to fuse is...
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cranium bifidum
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What term would describe an opossum brain?
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Sorry, it's to late for witticisms.
Lissencephaly (no gyri or sulci) |
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Bending of the spine ventrally =
Bending of the spine dorsally = Bending of the spine laterally = |
ventral = lordosis
dorsal = kyphosis lateral = scoliosis |
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What are common cranial or vertebral malformations impacting the spinal cord in...
...horses? |
Occipital Atlanto-Axial Malformation (OAAM; arabian horses)
Cervical stenotic myelopathy ("wobbler" horses) |
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What are common cranial or vertebral malformations impacting the spinal cord in...
...toy breeds? |
Hypoplastic dens
Hydrocephalus Intervertebral disc disease |
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What are common cranial or vertebral malformations impacting the spinal cord in...
...Great Dane and Dobies? |
Cervical stenotic myelopathy (wobblers)
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T or F:
Hydrocephalus is water on the brain. |
False! Its more like water IN the brain (although its not really water but CSF but who gives a shit). Its all up in the ventricles, yo.
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Hydrocephalus is common in which species?
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Dawgz!!! (toy breeds and brachycephalic breeds)
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Where is CSF produced?
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Secreted by choroid plexes in lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles
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What is the passage from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle?
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Mesencephalic acqueduct
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How does CSF exit the brain?
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Via lateral apertures of the 4th ventricle
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What part of the brain is affected by hydrocephaly? What are signs?
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Prosencephalon is affected
Symmetric signs of seizures, altered mentation, cortical blindness |
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Which is more common; acquired or congenital hydrocephalus?
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congenital
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What causes cerebellar coning?
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Increased intracranial pressure
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Necrosis of white matter of the brain is...
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Leukoencephalomalacia
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Necrosis of gray matter of the brain is...
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Polioencephalomalacia
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Why shouldn't you feed corn to horses?
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Toxins (fumonisins) can cause leukoencephalomalacia
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What are three nutritional deficiencies that can cause CNS injury?
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Cu (swayback/enzootic ataxia in sheep and goats)
Vit E (Equine LMN dz; Equine degenerative myelopathy) Thiamine (neurologic dz) |
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T or F:
Lysosomal storage diseases are inherited or acquired disorders. |
Tru dat!
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In which species are lysosomal storage diseases common?
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Dawgs and kitties
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T or F:
Most dysfunction due to lysosomal storage diseases is due to necrosis. |
False!
Most dysfunction is due to SWELLING |
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What are clinical signs of lysosomal storage disease?
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Symmetric cerebellar ataxia
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What is the most common mode of inheritance of lysosomal storage disease?
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Recessive
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What is the typical signalment of lysosomal storage disease?
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young animal with progressive neurologic dysfunction (cerebellar signs)
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How can lysosomal storage diseases be acquired?
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Plant toxins (Locoweed)
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Besides lionjaw, what is another inherited defect that West Highland White terriers have?
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Globoid cell leukodystrophy
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What is the insulting agent in Globoid cell leukodystrophy?
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Your mom is an insulting agent.
Psychosine - a toxic metabolite caused by a galactosylceraminidase enzyme defect |
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What type of neoplasia is the most common in the CNS, primary or metastatic?
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Metastatic
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What are the 2 types of space occupying lesions in the CNS?
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Tumor
Inflammatory lesions |
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What is the most common mesodermal neoplasm of the CNS in animals?
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Meningioma
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What is the most common neoplasm to metastasize to the brain in the dog?
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Hemangiosarcoma
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What primary CNS tumor is associated with Boxers and brachycephalic dogs?
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Glioma
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Brain tumors of childhood are...
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Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET)
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What are the two general subtypes of gliomas?
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Astrocytoma
Oligodendrogliomas |
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IHC for which proteins can differentiate brain tumor types?
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vWF for hemangiosarcoma
glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for astrocytes |
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What is the shittiest type of glioma to have?
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Glioblastoma multiforme
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T or F:
Brain tumors are rare in ruminants. |
Tru dat!
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What is a common, non-neoplastic, space occupying lesion in horses that is often incidental? What are less incidental lesions?
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cholesterol granulomas are usually incidental;
S. equi abscesses and choroid plexus tumors are less incidental |
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What activity is attributed to the ruminant predisposition to CNS abscesses?
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headbutting (I hear this is what killed Wesley Willis too)
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What are common space occupying lesions of...
...dogs? |
fungal
protozoal GME (granulomatous meningoencephalitis) |
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DAMNIT, give me a list of general causes of space occupying lesions!!!
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Abscess
Granuloma Tumor |
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On the spinal cord, what gets crushed first, tracts supplying the pelvic limbs or those supplying the thoracic limbs?
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Pelvic limbs (more superficial)
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An animal with an UMN lesion will have a ____________ (short/long) gait.
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short gait
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Where can the spinal cord be compressed giving BOTH UMN and LMN deficits?
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Between C6 and T2 (gives UMN pelvic and LMN thoracic deficits)
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What is a rare but way bad dealio that is associated with intervertebral disk disease?
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ascending/descending myelomalacia
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What matter does ascending/descending myelomalacia wipe out first?
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White matter goes first!
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What stains myelin blue?
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Luxol fast blue (LFB)
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Tremor disorders are disorders of what component of the CNS?
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Myelin (oligodendrocytes)
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What are some causes of hypomyelination or dysmyelination?
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Viral (BVD, hog cholera, border dz)
Congenital/inherited dz. |
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T or F:
Myelin disorders of the PNS are more common than the CNS. |
False! More common in the CNS!
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What are the clinical signs associated w/cerebellar disease?
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Intention tremors
Lack of menace response Ataxia everywhere! Dysmetric gait |
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What is the difference between hypoplasia and abiotrophy?
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Hypoplasia = lack of complete formation
Abiotrophy = forms then degenerates |
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What cells are affected in cerebellar abiotrophy?
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Purkinje cells
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What virus(es) affect the cerebellum in...
...calves |
Akabane virus
BVD |
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What virus(es) affect the cerebellum in...
...kittens? |
Panleukopenia virus
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What virus(es) affect the cerebellum in...
...sheep and goats? |
Bluetongue
Border dz. virus |
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What virus(es) affect the cerebellum in...
...pigs? |
Hog cholera
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Besides cerebellar abiotrophy, what other CNS lesion is associated with BVD?
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Hydrancephaly
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What is a fairly pathognomic histologic finding of viral infection in the CNS?
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perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes and plasma cells
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What are perivascular cuffs in the CNS?
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lymphocytic/plasmocytic infiltrates around vessels; indicative of viral infection
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What are the 2 most common routes of entry for viruses into the CNS?
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Hematogenous
Retrograde travel up nerve |
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What are common viral causes of CNS inflammation (encephalitis, myelitis) in...
...horses? |
Rabies, EEE, WEE, VEE, WNV, EHV
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What are common viral causes of CNS inflammation (encephalitis, myelitis) in...
...dogs? |
Rabies
Distemper |
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What are common viral causes of CNS inflammation (encephalitis, myelitis) in...
...Cattle? |
Rabies
Malignant catarrhal fever IBR |
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What are common viral causes of CNS inflammation (encephalitis, myelitis) in...
...goats? |
CAE
Rabies |
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What are common viral causes of CNS inflammation (encephalitis, myelitis) in...
...Piggies? |
Rabies
pseudorabies enteroviruses encepholomyelitis virus hog cholera |
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What are common viral causes of CNS inflammation (encephalitis, myelitis) in...
...birds? |
EEE, WEE, WNV
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What are common viral causes of CNS inflammation (encephalitis, myelitis) in...
...Camelids? |
Rabies
EHV1, WNV1, EEE |
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What are common viral causes of CNS inflammation (encephalitis, myelitis) in...
...cats? |
FIP
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How is inflammation caused by FIP different from other viruses?
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Pyogranulomatous inflammation
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What CNS viral diseases are associated with inclusion bodies?
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Rabies (negri bodies)
Distemper |
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Will protozoal encephalomyelitis present with unilteral or bilateral lesions generally?
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Unilateral
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What is the causative organism for EPM? What is a better name for this disease?
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Sarcocystis neurona;
Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis |
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What is the common presentation for EPM? What other disease does this resemble?
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asymmetric dished gluteal muscles;
asymmetric cranial nerve deficits; brainstem signs (looks like listeriosis) |
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What regions of the CNS are targeted by Sarcocystis neurona? Does it target white or gray matter?
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Brain stem (cranial nn.)
Lumbosacral intimescence Both gray and white matter. |
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Foamy debris-clearing macrophages in the CNS are called..
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...Gitter cells
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Reactive astrocytes are called...
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...gemistocytes (gemistocytic astrocytes)
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What is a protozoan that infects the CNS of dogs?
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Neospora caninum
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What is a protozoan that infects the CNS of cats and humans?
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Toxoplasma gondii
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What are some helminthic or insect larvae that can migrate into the CNS of...
...sheep? |
Oestrus ovis
cestodes nematodes |
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What are some helminthic or insect larvae that can migrate into the CNS of...
...cattle? |
Hypodermis bovis (warbles)
nematodes |
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What are some helminthic or insect larvae that can migrate into the CNS of...
...cats? |
Cuterebra
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What are some helminthic or insect larvae that can migrate into the CNS of...
...camelids, sheep, goats, and white tailed deer? |
Paralophostrongylus tenius
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What are some helminthic or insect larvae that can migrate into the CNS of...
...horses? |
Paralophostrongylus tenius
Strongylus vulgaris |
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What are some helminthic or insect larvae that can migrate into the CNS of...
...dogs? |
Baylisascaris proconis
Dirofilaria immitis |
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What type of injury is caused by cuterebrid migration in the CNS of cats?
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Ischemia!!
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What is unique about the body's response to listeria in the CNS?
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MONONUCLEAR response (lympho and monocytes); not neutrophilic!
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What are common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in calves? Which can cause abscesses?
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E. coli
Pasturella manheimia (abscess) Streptococcus (abscess) |
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What are common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in Foals? Which can cause abscesses?
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E. coli
Strept. (abscess) other gram negs |
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What are common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in lambs? Which can cause abscesses?
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E. coli
P. mannheimia (abscess) |
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What are common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in pigs?
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E. coli
Hemophilus S. suis Salmonella |
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What are general categories of infectious agents that are the MOST likely to cause CNS infection in dogs?
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Baylisascaris
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What are general categories of infectious agents that are the MOST likely to cause CNS infection in cats?
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Cryptococcus gati
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What is unique about EHV myelopathy?
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EHV causes ischemic damage (similar to stroke)
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What are the types of EHV? What is the prognosis for each type?
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EHV- (possibly recovery);
mutant neurotropic EHV-1 (poor prognosis) |
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What are typical clinical signs in a horse w/EHV1 myelitis?
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Abortion
Rhinopneumonitis Acute onset symmetric leukocytes in CNS Sacral caudal signs |
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What CSF lesion, indicative of previous hemorrhage, is characteristic of EHV1 myelopathy?
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Xanthochromia
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What is a common CNS disease resulting from ischemic injury in cats?
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Feline ischemic encephalopathy (from cuterebra)
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What is a common CNS disease resulting from ischemic injury in dogs?
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Ischemic myelopathy (Fibrocartilaginous emboli)
Meningeal vasculitis (beagle pain syndrome) |
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What is a common CNS disease resulting from ischemic injury in sheep?
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Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia (C. perfringens type D)
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What is a common CNS disease resulting from ischemic injury in pigs?
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Edema dz (E. coli)
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What is a common CNS disease resulting from ischemic injury in cattle?
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Thrombotic or thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (H. somni)
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What cause of ischemia in the CNS do dogs share with humans? What causes this in dogs?
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Artherosclerosis in hypothyroid dogs.
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What is the shorthand form for normal prion protein? Abnormal?
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PrPc = normal
PrPsc = abnormal |
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T or F:
Sponge brain = spongiform encephalopathy. |
False!
sponge brain = porencephaly! |
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What are prion associated disorders in sheep?
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Scrapie
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What are prion associated disorders in cattle?
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BSE
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What are prion associated disorders in mink?
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Transmissible mink encephalopathy
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What are prion associated disorders in elk and deer?
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Chronic wasting disease
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What specific area of the brain is important in testing for prion disease?
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Obex
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What specific area of the brain is important in testing for west nile virus?
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brainstem
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