Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a common target in the mouth for autoimmune disease?
|
Mucocutaneous junction
|
|
|
What are some common clinical signs associated with oral cavity disease?
|
ptyalism
halitosis facial deformity dysphagia anorexia/wt loss/lethargy |
|
|
What are some differentials for ptyalism?
|
swallowing issue
foreign body SLUD local irritants narcotics |
|
|
What are some differentials for halitosis?
|
INfected tooth/root
pharyngeal ulcers metabolic disease oronasal fistula |
|
|
Where do epulids arise from? What are the 3 types? Which is the worst?
|
Gingival membrane
Fibromatous, Ossifying, Acanthomatous (worst) |
|
|
If you see oral tumors in the dog, what are your differentials? In the cat?
|
Epulis (dog)
Melanoma (dog) SCC (dog and cat) |
|
|
If you take a skin scrape of a linear red lesion on the back of a cat and see lotsa eosinophils, what should you diagnose? Where else should there be lesions? What is the treatment?
|
Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex; usually has lesions on upper lip around canines
Flea and allergen control is key; maybe immunosuppression. |
|
|
What disease processes are important causes of stomatitis in the cat? The dog?
|
Cat (viral and renal)
Dog (autoimmune, renal, caustics, local trauma) |
|
|
What are important viral causes of stomatitis in the cat?
|
FIV, FCV
also FeLV, FeSV, FHV, FIP, CDV |
|
|
Severe inflammation of cat gums is likely...
|
...feline lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis complex
|
|
|
How can eosinophilic granuloma complex be distinguished from SCC in the cat?
|
Cytology
|
|
|
An aspirate of a sublingual mass elicits a slimy mucousy material. What is going on here? What is the next step in treatment?
|
Ranula;
Drain it and marsupialization surgery |
|
|
What is a common signalment of salivary mucoceles in dogs? How are they treated?
|
Younger dogs mostly
Surgical removal of duct and gland |
|
|
What is the common signalment for salivary neoplasia in cats? In dogs? which is more predisposed?
|
Cats>dogs
Siamese cats, Spaniels, and Poodles |
|
|
What is a common signalment for congenital palatial disorders in dogs? Is it likely hard or soft palate?
|
Brachycephalic dogs;
hard>soft |
|
|
What is the hallmark of regurgitated material?
|
stable white foam
|
|
|
What are important immune-mediated differentials for stomatitis in dogs?
|
SLE, bullous pemphigoid, idiopathic vasculitis
|
|
|
A cat being treated for erlichiosis turns up with esophagitis. What gives?
|
Doxycycline sits around in the thoracic inlet causing esophagitis!
|
|
|
Why is anesthesia considered a major cause of esophagitis?
|
decreases pancreatic bicarb secretion and alters motility, allowing for regurg
|
|
|
What are some causes of esophageal reflux?
|
anesthesia
LES tumors/incompetence |
|
|
T or F:
Alkaline solutions are more damaging to the esophagus than acidic. |
True
|
|
|
What are the best diagnostic tools in esophageal disorders?
|
Radiography (+/- contrast)
Esophagoscopy |
|
|
Why should a low fat diet be used in cases of esophagitis due to reflux?
|
high fat promotes LES relaxation
|
|
|
Which histimine blocker is preferred in esophagitis cases and why?
|
Ranitidine; alters motility
|
|
|
What are some complications associated with esophageal perforation?
|
Mediastinitis
Pneumomediastinum Pneumothorax |
|
|
What are major differentials to consider with an esophageal stricture?
|
Neoplasia (SCC in the cat)
Vascular anomaly |
|
|
Where can **** get stuck in the esophagus?
|
Upper esophageal sphincter
Thoracic inlet base of the heart diaphragmatic hiatus |
|
|
What is the viable options in investigating an esophageal foreign body?
a) Ba contrast radiography b) I2 contrast radiography c) Esophagoscopy d) Fluoroscopy |
b) I2 contrast radiography
c) Esophagoscopy don't use Ba - Ba in the chest is bad if there is a perforation |
|
|
T or F:
Part of post operative treatment for esophageal foreign body removal includes NPO for 5-7 days. |
True!!!
|
|
|
What dog breeds are predisposed to congenital megaesophagus?
|
Fox terrier, shar-pei, great dane, lab, newfoundland, irish setter, german shepherd
|
|
|
There are a lot of diseases associated with megaesophagus...name as many as you can!
|
MG, SLE, HypoAC, Hiatal hernia, Pb poisoning, Esophageal divertula, Polyradiculitis, Hyperthyroid, etc, etc etc...
|
|
|
What is a very common sequel associated with megaesophagus?
|
aspiration pneumonia
|
|
|
How is megaesophagus treated?
|
Treat underlying disease!!!
Elevated, small, lowfat meals Prokinetics and acid inhibitors |
|
|
What is the prognosis for adult onset megaesophagus?
|
50% alive after 3 mos; 25% alive after 1yr.
|
|
|
How do congenital esophageal diverticula differ from acquired diverticula?
|
In congenital, the mucosa perforates the muscularis.
|
|
|
What are the two mechanisms for acquired esophageal diverticula?
|
Traction and pulsion
|
|
|
What is the major cause of acute gastritis in dogs?
|
Dietary indiscretion
|
|
|
Which systemic diseases are commonly associated with acute gastritis?
|
Uremia
Addison's Hepatic dz |
|
|
What are important differentials to consider with acute gastritis?
|
Acute pancreatitis
Foreign bodies/linear FB high intussusception Acute renal failure GDV |
|
|
When should antibiotics be given to treat acute gastritis?
|
When you're a *******.... they should NEVER be given (unless there is concurrent aspiration pneumonia)
|
|
|
What is the classic clinical sign of gastric ulceration?
|
Hematemesis (coffee-ground vomiting)
|
|
|
Where does gastric ulceration commonly occur?
|
Incisura angularis
|
|
|
What are some conditions leading to gastric ulceration?
|
Uremia
NSAID overdose Addisons Iatrogenic glucocorticoid OD Neoplasia (APUDoma, mast cell neoplasia) hypotension extreme athletic performance |
|
|
What is an APUDoma? What do mast cell neoplasms release?
|
APUD = arginine precursor uptake and decarboxylation)
Mast cells release HISTAMINE |
|
|
If you have a dog with no stress leukogram and vomiting coffee grounds, what do you think?
|
Addisons + gastric ulceration
|
|
|
How can gastric ulcers be definitively diagnosed?
|
Laparotomy/endoscopy + biopsy
|
|
|
Why would you use H2 blockers over PPIs when treating gastric ulcers?
|
Yeah, why would you? That would be stupid. PPIs work better!
|
|
|
What is a helmenthic cause of gastric ulcers?
|
Physaloptera
Also spirocerca lupi |
|
|
T or F:
You ABSOLUTELY MUST use PPIs if the esophagus is involved in gastric ulcers. |
True dat
|
|
|
T or F:
Due to its low pH, the stomach is essentially sterile. |
False!
|
|
|
What genera of bacteria colonize the stomachs of dogs? Cats?
|
Helicobacter in both (GSOs - gastric spiral organisms)
|
|
|
How do GSOs lead to gastric ulcers?
|
GSOs use urease to convert NH4 to NH3, causing MUCOSAL DAMAGE
(GSO = gastric spiral organism, by the way) |
|
|
What are tests that are specific for gastric function?
|
NONE ARE SPECIFIC
|
|
|
What are some important hepatobiliary tests that can shed light on gastric issues?
|
ALP, AST, ALT, BUN, BIlirubin, Albumin, Glucose, Cholesterol
|
|
|
What are some important renal tests that can shed light on gastric issues?
|
BUN, Creatinine, Ca, PO4, K, Albumin
|
|
|
What are some important chemical tests that can shed light on gastric issues?
|
Glucose, Electrolytes, Bicarb/tCO2, Cholesterol
|
|
|
If you see low Cl but normal to mildly reduced Na with gastric disease...
|
...think about high, gastric, or pyloric obstruction
|
|
|
What are two important tests of the small intestine? What two functions do they assess?
|
Cobalamin and folate both assess mucosal absorptive function and bacterial population.
|
|
|
Which of the following are necessary for cobalamin uptake in the ileum?
a) dietary protein b) R protein c) Intrinsic factor d) cobalamin receptor e) transcobalamin |
c) Intrinsic factor
d) cobalamin receptor |
|
|
Which of the following protect cobalamin from bacterial uptake?
a) dietary protein b) R protein c) Intrinsic factor d) cobalamin receptor e) transcobalamin |
b) Intrinsic factor
|
|
|
Where is intrinsic factor made in the dog? In the cat?
|
Dog (pancreas and stomach)
Cat (pancreas only) |
|
|
Why does a disease that disturbs cobalamin absorption create a greater likelihood of cobalamin deficiency.
|
Cobalamin undergoes enterohepatic cycling
|
|
|
Where does cobalamin absorption occur? Folate?
|
Cobalamin (ileum)
Folate (duodenum) |
|
|
What is a common cause of high serum folate?
|
Bacterial changes (eg: LI bacteria in the duodenum, probiotics)
|
|
|
Low folate and low cobalamin are indicative of...
|
...severe, diffuse, SI disease (IBD, LSA)
or structural dz (lymphangectasia, short bowel syndrome) |
|
|
Low B12 and high B9 indicate...
|
..SIBO; diffuse SI mucosal dz with secondary bacterial overgrowth
|
|
|
Low B12 and normal B9 indicate...
|
...Distal SI dz
Abnormal (clostridial) bacterial pop EPI (esp in cats) |
|
|
How is it possible to have normal total solids with hypoalbuminemia?
|
Liver producing acute phase proteins and/or globulins.
|
|
|
What are some examples of protein losing enteropathies?
|
IBD, LSA
Viral enteritides Salmonellosis Parasitism Lymphatic drainage abnormalities |
|
|
What are the two reasons to have low proteins?
|
Loss
Decreased production (hepatic) |
|
|
How can protein losing glomerulopathy be tested?
|
Urine protein:creatinine ratio; if >0.6 for dogs, suspect renal loss
|
|
|
How can protein losing enteropathy be tested?
|
Diagnosis of exclusion (if renal, liver, and all other sources of loss are accounted for, it must be GI);
Can use alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor in feces but have to rule-out GI bleeding |
|
|
Why can't fecal protein give an indication of protein losing enteropathy?
|
most fecal protein is bacterial in origin
|
