Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Identify the following:
|
A - Cornea
B - Iris C - Sclera D - Optic Nerve E - Conjunctiva F - Lens |
|
ID the structures listed:
|
A - Posterior Chamber
B - Ciliary Body C - Choroid D - Retina E - Zonular Fibers F - Anterior Chamber |
|
|
What is the term for...
- NO eyeball - Congenitally small eye - Prominent but not enlarged globe |
Anophthalmos - NO eyeball
Microphthalmos - Congenitally small eye Exophthalmos - Prominent but not enlarged globe |
|
|
What is the term for...
- Enlarged globe - shrunken globe - retracted globe |
Buphthalmos - enlarged globe
Phthisis bulbi - shrunken globe Enophthalmos - retracted globe |
|
|
What is the term for...
- forward displacement of globe beyond eyelid margins - removal of globe and extraocular muscles - removal of globe and closely associated structures |
Proptosis - forward displacement of globe beyond eyelid margins
Exenteration - removal of globe and extraocular muscles Enucleation - removal of globe and closely associated structures |
|
ID these, yo!
|
A - Conjunctiva
B - Cilia C - Meibomian Gland D - Sclera E - Cornea F - Cartilage of 3rd eyelid |
|
ID these, yo!
|
A - Nasolacrimal Duct
B - Lacrimal Sac C - Lacrimal Gland D - 3rd Eyelid E - Lacrimal Puncta F - Gland of 3rd Eyelid |
|
|
You see a collie with a small globe. What issue do you see and what is the cause?
|
Microphthalmia due to Merle Ocular Dysgenesis
|
|
|
Which of the following are not true regarding the workup of an exophthalmos case?
a) radiographs are diagnostic b) always look in the mouth c) never retropulse the eye d) evaluate both globes at once |
a) radiographs are diagnostic (NO; not unless there is underlying dental dz or maybe chest rads for a met check)
c) never retropulse the eye (NO; give this a shot UNLESS there is an ulcer) |
|
|
What is the most common etiology of exophthalmos?
|
Neoplasia!
|
|
|
You see a mid-aged dog with unilateral exophthalmos. The dog eye appears very hyperemic and painful. CBC shows a leukocytosis. What are you thinking for the cause?
|
Retrobulbar cellulitis/abscess (maybe d/t foreign body)
Possibly neoplasia |
|
|
You see a young german shepherd dog with bilateral exophthalmos. What are you thinking for treatment?
|
Eosinophilic myositis of masticatory muscles
Tx - immunosuppression |
|
|
How can you tell exophthalmos from buphthalmos?
|
Globe is enlarged and looks unhealthy in buphthalmos
|
|
|
What are some causes of enophthalmos?
|
Pain
Retrobulbar fat or muscle atrophy Dehydration Horner's syndrome Skull fracture Phthisis bulbi |
|
|
T or F:
Exopthalmos is often traumatic in etiology. |
False.
This describes proptosis! |
|
|
Which of the following are not associated with proptosis?
a) only an emergency if there is dessication b) brachycephalic breeds c) blood supply is where optic nerve attaches d) may be associated w/pneumothorax e) lateral canthotomy may help replace globe |
a) only an emergency if there is dessication (NO; always an emergency)
c) blood supply is where optic nerve attaches (NO, where extraocular muscles attach) |
|
|
What is removed in an enucleation?
|
Globe
3rd eyelid lacrimal tissue eyelid margins |
|
|
What are some procedural options for blind and painful eyes?
|
Enucleation
Intraocular prosthesis Chemical ciliary body ablation (not for cats) |
|
|
What substance is used in chemical ciliary body ablation?
|
Gentimycin
|
|
|
Which type of strabismus does a Boston Terrier exhibit?
|
Exotropia (wall-eyed)
|
|
|
Which type of strabismus does a Siamese cat exhibit?
|
Esotropia (cross-eyed)
|
|
|
What bacteria can cause conjunctivitis before neonate eyes open? How does it get there?
|
Staph infection!
Via ascending infxn through nasolacrimal duct |
|
|
What is the fancy term for the following:
- absence of part of palpebral fissure - inward rotation of eyelid margin - eversion of eyelid margin |
Coloboma - absence of part of palpebral fissure
Entropion - inward rotation of eyelid margin Ectropion - eversion of eyelid margin |
|
|
Which of the following are not true regarding eyelid agenesis?
a) most common in the cat b) usually the lower eyelid c) also called a coloboma d) usually the lateral aspect of eyelid |
b) usually the lower eyelid (no, it is UPPER)
|
|
|
What are the possible etiologies of entropion and how can each be ruled-out?
|
Enophthalmos (correct underlying condition)
Spastic (topical anesthesia) Cicatricial (can see scar) Anatomical |
|
|
What is the primary symptom of ectropion?
|
Conjunctivitis
|
|
|
What are the 3 major cilia disorders of the eye?
|
Distichia
Ectopic cilia Trichiasis/nasal folds |
|
|
Which of the following describes an ectopic cilia?
a) often in a young dog b) often in a pekingese c) pluck out hair and see if problem goes away d) often requires laser surgery e) usually has concurrent distichia |
a) often in a young dog
e) usually has concurrent distichia (hair growing the wrong way; often requires surgery, just not LASER) |
|
|
Which of the following describes an distichia?
a) hair growing the wrong way b) hair growing from the wrong region c) common in young Pekingese d) treatment may include surgical correction e) lid-splitting techniques are effective |
b) hair growing from the wrong region
d) treatment may include surgical correction (hair grows from Meibomian gland; common in American Cocker; try plucking first b4 surgery) |
|
|
Which of the following describes trichiasis?
a) hair growing the wrong way b) hair growing from Meibomian gland c) common in young Pekingese d) treatment may include surgical correction e) normal hair growth |
c) common in young Pekingese
d) treatment may include surgical correction (but not usually) e) normal hair growth |
|
|
What is a blocked Meibomian gland called? What is a common signalment? How is it treated?
|
Chalazion is common in white cats;
tx - Chalazion clamp & surgery |
|
|
How is an internal hordeolum treated? What is it anyway?
|
Infected chalazion (impacted Meibomian gland)
tx - DON'T POP IT; abx, anti inflammatories, and warm compress |
|
|
What is an external hordeolum?
|
Stye; infection of the eyelash follicle
|
|
|
What are some causes of blepharitis?
|
Trauma, Allergic, Autoimmune, Infectious (parasitic, fungal, bacterial), other stuff (Zn deficiency, Juvenile cellulitis, Persian facial dermatitis)
|
|
|
Who gets meibomian gland tumors?
|
Mid-aged to older dogs
|
|
|
What are 2 drawbacks to eyelid wedge resection?
|
Shortens eyelid margin
May get eyelid notching |
|
|
What is the most common ocular tumor of the cat? Where are they seen?
|
SCC
Seen in eyes, ear tips, nose (non-pigmented) |
|
|
You see a dog with bilaterally swollen eyelids. What are your next steps?
|
Scrape, culture, +/- biopsy!
|
|
|
What should always be assessed with any eyelid trauma?
|
The nasolacrimal puncta
|
|
|
The decreased or absent ability to blink describes...
|
...lagophthalmos
|
|
|
How can you differentiate conjunctival hyperemia from ciliary vessels?
|
Add dilute epinephrine (eg: Visine) - this will blanch out any conjunctival vessels!
|
|
|
What do you call the following?
...edema of the conjunctiva ...conjunctiva stuck to the cornea ...caused by tear film deficiency |
Chemosis...edema of the conjunctiva
Symblepharon...conjunctiva stuck to the cornea Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca...caused by tear film deficiency |
|
|
What are definitions for the following?
Chemosis... Symblepharon... Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca... |
Chemosis...edema of the conjunctiva
Symblepharon...conjunctiva stuck to the cornea Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca...caused by tear film deficiency |
|
|
What is...
Anophthalmos - Microphthalmos - Exophthalmos - |
Anophthalmos - NO eyeball
Microphthalmos - Congenitally small eye Exophthalmos - Prominent but not enlarged globe |
|
|
What is...
Buphthalmos - Phthisis bulbi - Enophthalmos - |
Buphthalmos - enlarged globe
Phthisis bulbi - shrunken globe Enophthalmos - retracted globe |
|
|
What is...
Proptosis - Exenteration - Enucleation - |
Proptosis - forward displacement of globe beyond eyelid margins
Exenteration - removal of globe and extraocular muscles Enucleation - removal of globe and closely associated structures |
|
|
What is...
Coloboma - Entropion - Ectropion - |
Coloboma - absence of part of palpebral fissure
Entropion - inward rotation of eyelid margin Ectropion - eversion of eyelid margin |
|
|
You see a dog with subconjunctival hemorrhage. Give a top ddx if this is FOCAL! If it is MULTIFOCAL!
|
Focal = trauma
Multifocal = systemic dz (IMTP, systemic inflammations, septicemia, etc) |
|
|
What is a cause of symblepharon in the cat?
|
FHV
(symblepharon is sticking the conjunctiva to cornea) |
|
|
You see a dog with gas bubbles below the conjunctiva. What probably happened? How can you treat these bubbles?
|
Conjunctival emphysema usually d/t paranasal sinus damage. Bubbles will resorb in a week or 2.
|
|
|
What are the major causes of infectious conjunctivitis in the cat?
|
Herpes (FHV)
Chlamydia Mycoplasma |
|
|
What are some possible treatments for infectious conjunctivitis due to FHV in a cat?
|
Famciclovir, Azyrothromycin, or Doxy
Lysine Interferon alpha Supportive care |
|
|
How is most feline bacterial conjunctivitis treated?
|
Terramycin (Polymyxin B, a topical abx)
|
|
|
You see fish-eggs on a dog conjunctiva. What gives? How is it treated?
|
Follicular (allergic) conjunctivitis!
Tx - benign neglect, artificial tears, cool compresses, topical steroids |
|
|
What are some causes of allergic conjunctivitis?
|
Drug rxn (aminoglycosides)
Insect bite/sting Chemical exposure |
|
|
What should your next step be if you find a conjunctival foreign body?
|
Look for another one!
|
|
|
Which of the following are not signs of KCS?
a) Increased Schirmer tear test distance b) Blepharospasm c) Corneal ulceration d) Lack of corneal vascularization |
a) Increased Schirmer tear test distance (NO, it would be decreased or time would be increased)
d) Lack of corneal vascularization (NO, more vascularization) |
|
|
What are the 3 components of the tear film and what produces each component?
|
Serous/Aqueous (Lacrimal tissues)
Oily portion (Meibomian glands) Mucus portion (Goblet cells) |
|
|
Which of the following causes of KCS is unilateral and acute? Which causes the majority of issues?
a) Genetic b) Neoplastic c) Autoimmune d) Traumatic e) Neurological f) Drug reaction |
c) Autoimmune (most common)
d) Traumatic (acute/unilateral) e) Neurological (acute/unilateral) |
|
|
How is KCS treated medically?
|
Tear stimulants/replacements
Abx Topical steroids Mucolytics |
|
What is a more correct, but less catchy, term for this beer?
|
Conjunctival Dermoid
|
|
|
Name the conjunctival neoplasia associated with...
- UV light - felines |
HSA and SCC - UV light
LSA - felines |
|
|
What shape is the cartilage of the 3rd eyelid? In which animals is this commonly bent?
|
T-shaped
Bent in giant breed dogs |
|
|
What is cherry eye? Who gets it?
|
Prolapsed gland of 3rd eyelid
Anyone gets it (Burmese Cats mostly though) |
|
|
T or F:
If an animal has cherry eye, there is a high risk of it being bilateral. |
True!
|
|
|
What are some causes of 3rd eyelid protrusion?
|
Pain
Horner's Enopthalmos Micropthalmos Phthisis bulbi Cannibus intoxication Tetanus Rabies Haws syndrome Feline dysautonomia |
|
|
Choose the syndrome associated with the following:
- sick cat w/elevated 3rd eyelid and normal pupils - normal cat w/unilaterally elevated 3rd eyelid and constricted pupil - cat with HUGE pupils and elevated 3rd eyelid, lack of salivation and lacrimation |
Haws - sick cat w/elevated 3rd eyelid and normal pupils
Horner's - normal cat w/unilaterally elevated 3rd eyelid and constricted pupil Feline Dysautonomia - cat with HUGE pupils and elevated 3rd eyelid, lack of salivation and lacrimation |
|
|
Your client says that her dog's eye is rolled back into its head. What is really probably going on?
|
3rd eyelid is elevated
|
|
|
What are the 3 common cancers of the 3rd eyelid?
|
SCC, LSA, Adenoma/carcinoma
|
|
|
How should you treat a 3rd eyelid cyst?
|
First, diagnose it via FNA
Then, let it re-inflate then dissect it out |
|
|
When flushing the nasolacrimal system, you should always flush from the _________ punctum.
|
UPPER
|
|
|
T or F:
Absence of fluorescein when flushing the NL system means the system is occluded. |
False!
Maybe somethinge else is going on |
|
|
When the nasolacrimal system is blocked, you should think ______ in dogs and ________ in cats.
|
Foreign body (dogs)
FHV (cats) |
|
|
Infection of the nasolacrimal system is called...
What are signs of this? |
Dacryocystitis
Epiphora, MP discharge to hemorrhagic discharge, pain |
|
|
What are 2 major etiologies of dacryocystitis?
|
Crush trauma
Foreign body |
|
|
How can you fix an imperforate puncta?
|
Flush via nasal ostium
Look for bleb at lower eyelid Snip it open! |
|
|
Which of the following are viable options for cherry eye treatment?
a) benign neglect b) surgical tack c) remove 3rd eyelid d) enucleation e) pocket procedure |
ALL are viable! However, you gotta look at each case and decide what is best.
Doing nothing and enucleation are a bit extreme though... |
