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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three components to general anesthesia?
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Unconsciousness
Muscle relaxation Analgesia |
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List some classes of anesthetic drugs (there are like 7 or so)...
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Sedatives
Tranquilizers Analgesics Anesthetics Anticholinergics Sympathomimetics Muscle Relaxants |
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What are the two major groups of tranquilizers in medical use?
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Minor tranquilizers (Benzodiazepines)
Major tranquilizers (Phenothiazines) |
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What is the most commonly used minor tranquilizer? Most common major tranquilizer?
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Diazepam (minor)
Acepromazine (major) |
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What are the three examples of minor tranquilizers discussed in class? To which group do all three belong?
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Diazepam
Midazolam Zolazepam (all are benzodiazepines) |
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What are the examples of major tranquilizers discussed in class? To which group does each belong?
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Acepromazine
Chlorpromazine Prochlorpromazine (all are Phenothiazines) Butyrophenones (infrequently used) |
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Choose the correct receptor (GABAa, NMDA, DA, Alpha 2, or Opioid)...
...is mainly inhibitory. |
GABAa
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Choose the correct receptor (GABAa, NMDA, DA, Alpha 2, or Opioid)...
...is excitatory. |
NMDA
also alpha 2 adrenergic |
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Choose the correct receptor (GABAa, NMDA, DA, Alpha 2, or Opioid)...
...activated by glutamate. |
NMDA
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Choose the correct receptor (GABAa, NMDA, DA, Alpha 2, or Opioid)...
...involved in nociception. |
NMDA
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Choose the correct receptor (GABAa, NMDA, DA, Alpha 2, or Opioid)...
...involved in awareness and arousal. |
DA (dopamine)
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Choose the correct receptor (GABAa, NMDA, DA, Alpha 2, or Opioid)...
...upregulated in chronic pain states. |
NMDA
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Choose the correct receptor (GABAa, NMDA, DA, Alpha 2, or Opioid)...
...widespread. |
Alpha 2 adrenergic
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Choose the correct receptor (GABAa, NMDA, DA, Alpha 2, or Opioid)...
...decreases cAMP and hyperpolarizes the neuron. |
Opioid
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Choose the correct receptor (GABAa, NMDA, DA, Alpha 2, or Opioid)...
...has several subtypes. |
Alpha 2 adrenergic
Opioid |
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Where are dopamine receptors found?
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Basal ganglia
Limbic system Reticular activating system |
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Which tranquilizers mode of action involves blocking of dopamine receptors? What other receptor does this drug block?
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Acepromazine also blocks Alpha 1 receptors causing hypotension.
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Which tranquilizer is contraindicated when working with high priced horse studs?
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Acepromazine; causes rare penile paralysis
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T or F:
Acepromazine has a very slow onset and long half life. |
True!
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How do the benzodiazapines work?
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Indirect agonst for GABAa; causes membrane hyperpolarization
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Which drug class is very safe, often used as part of an induction protocol, and may elicit paradoxical excitation?
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Benzodiazapines
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Choose Diazapam or Midazolam...
...not water soluble. |
Diazapam
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Choose Diazapam or Midazolam...
...rapid and complete IM absorption. |
Midazolam
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Choose Diazapam or Midazolam...
...shorter duration of action. |
Midazolam
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What is the reversal agent for acepromazine?
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NONE - no reversal agent
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What is the reversal agent for the benzodiazapines?
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Flumanezil
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What happens if you accidentally inject an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist into the carotid?
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sEiZuReS
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What are some examples of alpha 2 agonists?
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Xylazine
Detomidine Medetomidine Dexemedetomidine Romifidine |
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Where are the alpha 2 receptors located that mediate sedation?
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presynaptic autoreceptors in brain
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Where are the alpha 2 receptors located that mediate analgesia?
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Nonnoradrenergic heteroreceptors in dorsal horn of spinal cord;
postsynaptic autoreceptors in pons |
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Where are the alpha 2 receptors located that mediate anxiolysis?
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presynaptic autoreceptors in brain
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Which of the alpha 2 agonists have the most selectivity? The least?
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Most selective - Dexmedetomadine
Least - Xylazine |
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What is the most important pharmacokinetic effect of the alpha 2 agonists?
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Marked cardiovascular effects (hypertension, bradycardia, decreased cardiac output)
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Which of the alpha 2 agonists is contraindicated in pregnant cattle?
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Xylazine causes abortions
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What is the difference between medetomadine and dexmedetomidine?
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Dexmedetomidine has the dextro rotary form of the drug while Medetomidine is a racemic mix.
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What reversal agents are used to remove the effects of alpha 2 agonists? Which is most/least selective?
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Tolazoline (least selective)
Yohimbrine Atipamezole (most selective) |
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What are the four opioid agonists?
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Morphine
Hydromorphone Oxymorphone Fentanyl |
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What are the 3 opioid receptors? Which is most important?
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Mu (most important)
Kappa Delta |
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Which opioids would be used for very painful procedures? What is the duration of action for these?
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The agonists (medium duration)...
Morphine Hydromorphone Oxymorphone |
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Which opioids have short duration?
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fentanyl
butorphenol |
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Which opioids have the longest duration?
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Buprenorphine
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What agent reverses the opioids?
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Naloxone
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What are the opioid agonist-antagonists? What is the goal of these drugs?
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butorphenol and nalbuphine; goal is to reverse sedation while retaining analgesia
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What are some examples of dissociative anesthetics?
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PCP
Ketamine (special K) Tiletamine |
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Which receptors do dissociative anesthetics affect?
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pretty much all of them (GABAa, Serotonin, NE, DA, Opioid, NMDA)
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T or F:
Due to solubility issues, dissociative anesthetics are ineffective via IM. |
False!
They are effective PO, IM, SQ, IV, and transmucosal |
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How are the pharmacokinetics of ketamine different in dogs and cats?
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Dogs have both hepatic and urinary excretion; cats only urinary.
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What effects do dissociative anesthetics have on the cardiovascular system? On the respiratory system?
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CV - increase HR, BP, CO due to release of catecholamines
Resp - minimal depression; sometimes apneustic |
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What are the components of Telazol?
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Tiletamine
Zolazepam |
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How do cats respond to Telazol? Dogs? What animal responds exceptionally well?
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Cats - longer anesthesia
Dogs - rough recovery Pigs - sliced bread! |
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Which barbiturates are available for anesthesia?
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NONE!
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What barbiturate is used as an antiepileptic? For euthanasia?
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Antiepileptic - Phenobarbital
Euthanasia - Pentobarbital |
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Which receptors do barbiturates act upon?
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GABA
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T or F:
Barbiturates provide no analgesia. |
True!
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What used to be the most commonly used barbiturate anesthetic?
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Thiopental
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what is "milk of amnesia"?
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Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol)
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What is the major pharmacodynamic drawback to propofol?
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Respiratory depression
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What is the anesthetic drug of choice for patients with cardiovascular disease?
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Etomidate
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Which neuroactive steroid is not used in the US?
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Alphaxalone
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What are the two types of local anesthetics?
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Amides
Esters |
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Which local anesthetics are used for local and regional blocks?
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Lidocane and bupivicane
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Which local anesthetic is used for nerve blocks?
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Mepivicaine
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T or F:
Local anesthetics mostly affect unmyelinated fibers. |
True!
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Which inhalant anesthetics are commonly used in veterinary medicine?
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Isoflurane
Sevoflurane |
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T or F:
An inhaled anesthetic with a low blood:gas solubility will have better induction and recovery than an inhaled anesthetic with a higher ratio. |
True!
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What term defines an inhaled anesthetics potency?
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MAC (minimum alveolar concentration)
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