Bryan - Neurosciences - 2Nd Exam Winter 2010

Front 1

What stimulus does a niciceptor respond to?

Back 1

pain

Front 2

List two receptors for conscious proprioception

Back 2

Cutaneous receptors
Joint receptors

Front 3

List two receptors for unconscious proprioception.

Back 3

Golgi tendon organ
Muscle spindles

Front 4

Which spinal cord pathways transmit unconscious proprioception?

Back 4

Dorsal, ventral, and rostral spinocerebellar tract.
Cuneocerebellar tract.

Front 5

Which spinal cord pathways transmit conscious proprioception?

Back 5

Dorsal column, spinothalamic, and spinocervicothalamic pathways

Front 6

Which spinal cord pathways are responsible for nociception?

Back 6

spinothalamic, spinocervicothalamic, and spinoreticulothalamic pathways

Front 7

Which of the following are tonic receptors?
Muscle spindle, Pacinian corpuscle, Golgi tendon organ, Joint receptors, Hair cell in macula of utricle.

Back 7

All but pacinian corpuscle.

Front 8

What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a muscle spindle in the left triceps have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?

Back 8

Depolarizes

Front 9

What effect (either hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a Golgi tendon organ in a highly contracted left biceps have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?

Back 9

Depolarizes

Front 10

What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a pinch to the dorsum of the left front paw have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?

Back 10

Hyperpolarizes
(I don't get this one....I would think that it should depolarize it)

Front 11

What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a pinch to the skin on the lateral part of the 5th digit of the right front paw have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?

Back 11

Depolarizes

Front 12

What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does the brain at rest have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?

Back 12

Hyperpolarizes

Front 13

What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does the left vestibulospinal pathway have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?

Back 13

Depolarize

Front 14

Which of the following signs would be present in an UMN lesion?
Clonus, Areflexia, Loss of conscious proprioception, crossed extension reflex, loss of pain, loss of muscle tone

Back 14

Clonus
Loss of conscious proprioception
Crossed extension reflex
Loss of pain

Front 15

Which of the following signs would be present in an LMN lesion?
Clonus, Areflexia, Loss of conscious proprioception, crossed extension reflex, loss of pain, loss of muscle tone

Back 15

Areflexia (loss of reflex)
Loss of conscious proprioception
Loss of pain
Loss of muscle tone

Front 16

What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in a patellar tendon tap?

Back 16

Afferent - femoral n.
Efferent - femoral n.
Center - L4 - L6

Front 17

What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the pupillary constriction reflex?

Back 17

Afferent - CN II
Efferent - CN III
Center - pretectal nucleus

Front 18

Which nerve innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm. and where does it arise from?

Back 18

Suprascapular
From C5, 6, and 7

Front 19

Which nerve innervates subscapularis m. and from where does it arise?

Back 19

Subscapular
D6, 7

Front 20

Which nerve innervates biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis mm. and from where does it arise?

Back 20

Musculocutaneous
C6, 7, 8

Front 21

Which nerve innervates deltoideus, teres major and minor mm. and from where does it arise?

Back 21

Axillary
C6, 7, 8

Front 22

Which nerve innervates Triceps brachii, and the extensors of the manus and from where does it arise?

Back 22

Radial
C7, 8, T1, 2

Front 23

Which nerves innervate the flexors of the carpus. and from where does it arise?

Back 23

Median and ulnar nn.
C8, T1, 2

Front 24

Which nerve innervates iliopsoas, sartorius, and quadriceps mm. and from where does it arise?

Back 24

Femoral
L4, 5, 6

Front 25

Which nerve innervates external obturator, pectineus, gracilis, and adductor mm. and from where does it arise?

Back 25

Obturator
L4, 5, 6

Front 26

Which nerve innervates middle and deep gluteal and tensor fascia lata mm. and from where does it arise?

Back 26

Cranial gluteal
L6, 7, S1

Front 27

Which nerve innervates Superficial gluteal mm. and from where does it arise?

Back 27

Caudal gluteal
L6, 7, S1

Front 28

Which nerve innervates biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus mm. and from where does it arise?

Back 28

Sciatic
L6, 7, S1, S2

Front 29

Which nerve innervates the flexors of the hock and extensors of the pes and from where does it arise?

Back 29

Common peroneal
L6, L7

Front 30

Which nerve innervates the extensors of the hock and flexors of the pes and from where does it arise?

Back 30

Tibial
S1, S2

Front 31

Which nerve innervates the caudal rectal and external anal sphincter mm. and from where does it arise?

Back 31

Pudendal
S1, 2, 3

Front 32

What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the palpebral reflex?

Back 32

Afferent - CNV
Efferent - CNVII
Integration - medulla/pons

Front 33

What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in pain to the plantar aspect of the pes?

Back 33

Afferent - Tibial
Efferent - Peroneal
Integration - S1, S2

Front 34

What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the anal sphincter reflex?

Back 34

Afferent - Pudendal
Efferent - Pudendal
Integration - S1, 2, 3

Front 35

What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in tap on extensor carpi radialis tendon?

Back 35

Afferent - Radial
Efferent - Radial
Integration - C7 - T2

Front 36

What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the corneal reflex?

Back 36

Afferent - CN V
Efferent - CN VI and VII
Integration - Pons/Medulla

Front 37

What are ways to test conscious proprioception in a dog?

Back 37

Knuckling
Hopping
Tactile placing

Front 38

Where are the nuclei cuneatus et gracilis located? What is their function?

Back 38

Located in medulla
Synapse for conscious proprioception of thoracic and pelvic limbs, respectively.

Front 39

Which cranial nerves transmit taste to the brain?

Back 39

CN VII, IX, and X

Front 40

What drug blocks enkhepalins? What drug blocks the effects of acupuncture?

Back 40

Naloxone for both

Front 41

What ARAS stand for? What happens when there is a lesion in this region?

Back 41

Ascending Reticular Activating System
Lesion causes coma

Front 42

Where in the thalamus does a touch to the hand relay? Sight?

Back 42

Touch - VPL nucleus
Sight - Lateral geniculate body

Front 43

Where in the thalamus does touch to the face relay? Hearing?

Back 43

Touch - VPM nucleus
Hear - Medial geniculate body

Front 44

Sudden REM sleep and cataplexy are symptoms of...

Back 44

...narcolepsy

Front 45

A lesion in what reflex arc causes Horner's syndrome? What are symptoms of Horner's syndrome?

Back 45

Pupillary dilation reflex
Symptoms - constricted pupils, inability to retract 3rd eyelid, sunken eye

Front 46

With which areas of the brain do optic nerve fibers synapse? Which areas result in vision?

Back 46

Lateral geniculate body (vision)
Rostral colliculi (vision)
Pretectal nucleus (pupillary light reflex)
Hypothalamus (repro)

Front 47

What vitamin is essential for vision? What substance is used to make?

Back 47

Vitamin A is a precursor for rhodopsin (via retinal and retinol)

Front 48

What is the major clinical sign when the macula of the utricle and saccule is unilaterally damaged?

Back 48

Weakness of extensors on ipsilateral side (I think mostly the pelvic limb but not certain)

Front 49

What receptor is stimulated with tonic and phasic stretch reflexes?

Back 49

Muscle spindle

Front 50

How do you test for tonic stretch reflex in a dog's front leg?

Back 50

Muscle tone evaluation

Front 51

How do you test for phasic stretch reflex in a cat's pelvic limb?

Back 51

Patellar tendon tap

Front 52

Which of the following serve as "programmers" and do not have spinal cord pathways?
Reticular formation
Basal nuclei
Red nucleus
Cerebellum
Motor cortex

Back 52

Basal nuclei
Cerebellum

Front 53

Which cranial nerves have no LMNs?

Back 53

I, II, VIII

Front 54

Which cranial nerves have LMNs?

Back 54

III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII

Front 55

Does the red nucleus excite extensors or flexors? How about the pontine reticular nucleus?

Back 55

Flexors
Extensors

Front 56

Does the motor cortex excite extensors or flexors? How about the medullary reticular nucleus?

Back 56

Flexors
Flexors

Front 57

Does the lateral vestibular nucleus excite extensors or flexors? How about the red nucleus?

Back 57

Extensors
Flexors

Front 58

Does increasing tension on the left patellar tendon depolarize or hyperpolarize the RMP of LMNs innervating the left quadriceps muscle?

Back 58

Hyperpolarize

Front 59

Does increasing tension on the left patellar tendon depolarize or hyperpolarize the RMP of LMNs innervating the left biceps femoris muscle?

Back 59

Depolarize

Front 60

Does increasing tension on the left patellar tendon depolarize or hyperpolarize the RMP of LMNs innervating the left semimembranosus muscle?

Back 60

Depolarize

Front 61

What are the afferent and efferent arms of the gastrocnemius tendon tap reflex? Where is this integrated?

Back 61

Afferent - Tibial
Efferent - Tibial
Integration - S1, S2

Front 62

What are the afferent and efferent arms of the biceps brachii tendon tap reflex? Where is this integrated?

Back 62

Afferent - Musculocutaneous
Efferent - Musculocutaneous
Integration - C6 - 8

Front 63

Which descending pathways facilitate flexion and inhibit extension? What is the nucleus of origin for each?

Back 63

Corticobulbospinal - Cerebral Cortex
Rubrospinal - Red Nucleus
Medullary Reticulospinal - Medullary Reticular Formation

Front 64

Which descending pathways Facilitate extension and inhibit flexion? What is the nucleus of origin for each?

Back 64

Lateral Vestibulospinal - Lateral Vestibular Nucleus
Medial Vestibulospinal - Medial Vestibular Nucleus
Pontine Reticulospinal - Pontine Reticular Formation

Front 65

T or F:
The only descending pathways that are crossed are those that facilitate flexion.

Back 65

True!
Only Corticobulbospinal and Rubrospinal cross

Front 66

Where do descending pathways that facilitate flexion run in the spinal cord?

Back 66

Lateral Funiculus

Front 67

Where do descending pathways that facilitate extention run in the spinal cord?

Back 67

Ventral Funiculus

Front 68

Which descending pathway involves the dilatory reflex? What is its nucleus of origin?

Back 68

Tectospinal pathway
Rostral colliculi

Front 69

Which ascending pathways are responsible for conscious proprioception?

Back 69

Dorsal column - medial lemniscus
Specific trigeminothalamic

Front 70

Where are the nuclei for conscious proprioception from the forelimb located? The hindlimb?

Back 70

Fore - Nucleus cuneatus
Hind - Nucleus gracilis

Front 71

What are the ascending pathways responsible for pain from the body? Which cross in the spinal cord?

Back 71

Spinothalamic - crosses
Spinoreticulothalamic - partially crosses
Spinocervicothalamic - does not cross

Front 72

T or F:
LMNs and UMNs both lose their reflexes when lesions of each occur.

Back 72

False!
LMN lesions lose reflex while UMN retain reflex.

Front 73

How can the central excitatory state of a LMN be increased?

Back 73

Increase the amount of EPSPs (override IPSPs)

Front 74

How can the central excitatory state of a LMN be decreased?

Back 74

Increase the amount of IPSPs (override EPSPs)

Front 75

How is the central excitatory state of a motor neuron pool in the spinal cord tested?

Back 75

Test any reflex involving the LMN pool