Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What stimulus does a niciceptor respond to?
|
pain
|
|
|
List two receptors for conscious proprioception
|
Cutaneous receptors
Joint receptors |
|
|
List two receptors for unconscious proprioception.
|
Golgi tendon organ
Muscle spindles |
|
|
Which spinal cord pathways transmit unconscious proprioception?
|
Dorsal, ventral, and rostral spinocerebellar tract.
Cuneocerebellar tract. |
|
|
Which spinal cord pathways transmit conscious proprioception?
|
Dorsal column, spinothalamic, and spinocervicothalamic pathways
|
|
|
Which spinal cord pathways are responsible for nociception?
|
spinothalamic, spinocervicothalamic, and spinoreticulothalamic pathways
|
|
|
Which of the following are tonic receptors?
Muscle spindle, Pacinian corpuscle, Golgi tendon organ, Joint receptors, Hair cell in macula of utricle. |
All but pacinian corpuscle.
|
|
|
What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a muscle spindle in the left triceps have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
|
Depolarizes
|
|
|
What effect (either hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a Golgi tendon organ in a highly contracted left biceps have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
|
Depolarizes
|
|
|
What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a pinch to the dorsum of the left front paw have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
|
Hyperpolarizes
(to allow withdrawl) |
|
|
What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a pinch to the skin on the lateral part of the 5th digit of the right front paw have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
|
Depolarizes
|
|
|
What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does the brain at rest have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
|
Hyperpolarizes
|
|
|
What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does the left vestibulospinal pathway have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
|
Depolarize
|
|
|
Which of the following signs would be present in an UMN lesion?
Clonus, Areflexia, Loss of conscious proprioception, crossed extension reflex, loss of pain, loss of muscle tone |
Clonus
Loss of conscious proprioception Crossed extension reflex Loss of pain |
|
|
Which of the following signs would be present in an LMN lesion?
Clonus, Areflexia, Loss of conscious proprioception, crossed extension reflex, loss of pain, loss of muscle tone |
Areflexia (loss of reflex)
Loss of conscious proprioception Loss of pain Loss of muscle tone |
|
|
What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in a patellar tendon tap?
|
Afferent - femoral n.
Efferent - femoral n. Center - L4 - L6 |
|
|
What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the pupillary constriction reflex?
|
Afferent - CN II
Efferent - CN III Center - pretectal nucleus |
|
|
Which nerve innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm. and where does it arise from?
|
Suprascapular
From C5, 6, and 7 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates subscapularis m. and from where does it arise?
|
Subscapular
D6, 7 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis mm. and from where does it arise?
|
Musculocutaneous
C6, 7, 8 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates deltoideus, teres major and minor mm. and from where does it arise?
|
Axillary
C6, 7, 8 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates Triceps brachii, and the extensors of the manus and from where does it arise?
|
Radial
C7, 8, T1, 2 |
|
|
Which nerves innervate the flexors of the carpus. and from where does it arise?
|
Median and ulnar nn.
C8, T1, 2 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates iliopsoas, sartorius, and quadriceps mm. and from where does it arise?
|
Femoral
L4, 5, 6 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates external obturator, pectineus, gracilis, and adductor mm. and from where does it arise?
|
Obturator
L4, 5, 6 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates middle and deep gluteal and tensor fascia lata mm. and from where does it arise?
|
Cranial gluteal
L6, 7, S1 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates Superficial gluteal mm. and from where does it arise?
|
Caudal gluteal
L6, 7, S1 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus mm. and from where does it arise?
|
Sciatic
L6, 7, S1, S2 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates the flexors of the hock and extensors of the pes and from where does it arise?
|
Common peroneal
L6, L7 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates the extensors of the hock and flexors of the pes and from where does it arise?
|
Tibial
S1, S2 |
|
|
Which nerve innervates the caudal rectal and external anal sphincter mm. and from where does it arise?
|
Pudendal
S1, 2, 3 |
|
|
What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the palpebral reflex?
|
Afferent - CNV
Efferent - CNVII Integration - medulla/pons |
|
|
What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in pain to the plantar aspect of the pes?
|
Afferent - Tibial
Efferent - Peroneal Integration - S1, S2 |
|
|
What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the anal sphincter reflex?
|
Afferent - Pudendal
Efferent - Pudendal Integration - S1, 2, 3 |
|
|
What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in tap on extensor carpi radialis tendon?
|
Afferent - Radial
Efferent - Radial Integration - C7 - T2 |
|
|
What are the stimuli, afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the corneal reflex?
|
Stimulus- touch cornea or conjunctiva
Afferent - CN V Efferent - CN VI and VII Integration - Pons/Medulla |
|
|
What are ways to test conscious proprioception in a dog?
|
Knuckling
Hopping Tactile placing |
|
|
Where are the nuclei cuneatus et gracilis located? What is their function?
|
Located in medulla
Synapse for conscious proprioception of thoracic and pelvic limbs, respectively. |
|
|
Which cranial nerves transmit taste to the brain?
|
CN VII, IX, and X
|
|
|
What drug blocks enkhepalins? What drug blocks the effects of acupuncture?
|
Naloxone for both
|
|
|
What ARAS stand for? What happens when there is a lesion in this region?
|
Ascending Reticular Activating System
Lesion causes coma |
|
|
Where in the thalamus does a touch to the hand relay? Sight?
|
Touch - VPL nucleus
Sight - Lateral geniculate body |
|
|
Where in the thalamus does touch to the face relay? Hearing?
|
Touch - VPM nucleus
Hear - Medial geniculate body |
|
|
Sudden REM sleep and cataplexy are symptoms of...
|
...narcolepsy
|
|
|
A lesion in what reflex arc causes Horner's syndrome? What are symptoms of Horner's syndrome?
|
Pupillary dilation reflex
Symptoms: constricted pupils, prolapsed 3rd eyelid sunken eye (enopthelamus) |
|
|
With which areas of the brain do optic nerve fibers synapse? Which areas result in vision?
|
Lateral geniculate body (vision)
Rostral colliculi (vision+ reflexes) Pretectal nucleus (pupillary light reflex) Hypothalamus (repro) |
|
|
What vitamin is essential for vision? What substance is used to make?
|
Vitamin A is a precursor for rhodopsin (via retinal and retinol)
|
|
|
What is the major clinical sign when the macula of the utricle and saccule is unilaterally damaged?
|
Weakness of extensors on ipsilateral side (I think mostly the pelvic limb but not certain)
|
|
|
What receptor is stimulated with tonic and phasic stretch reflexes?
|
Muscle spindle
|
|
|
How do you test for tonic stretch reflex in a dog's front leg?
|
Muscle tone evaluation
|
|
|
How do you test for phasic stretch reflex in a cat's pelvic limb?
|
Patellar tendon tap
|
|
|
Which of the following serve as "programmers" and do not have spinal cord pathways?
Reticular formation Basal nuclei Red nucleus Cerebellum motor cortex |
Basal nuclei
Cerebellum |
|
|
Which cranial nerves have no LMNs?
|
I, II, VIII
|
|
|
Which cranial nerves have LMNs?
|
III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII
|
|
|
Does the red nucleus excite extensors or flexors? How about the pontine reticular nucleus?
|
Flexors
Extensors |
|
|
Does the motor cortex excite extensors or flexors? How about the medullary reticular nucleus?
|
Flexors
Flexors |
|
|
Does the lateral vestibular nucleus excite extensors or flexors? How about the red nucleus?
|
Extensors
Flexors |
|
|
Does increasing tension on the left patellar tendon depolarize or hyperpolarize the RMP of LMNs innervating the left quadriceps muscle?
|
Hyperpolarize
|
|
|
Does increasing tension on the left patellar tendon depolarize or hyperpolarize the RMP of LMNs innervating the left biceps femoris muscle?
|
Depolarize
|
|
|
Does increasing tension on the left patellar tendon depolarize or hyperpolarize the RMP of LMNs innervating the left semimembranosus muscle?
|
Depolarize
|
|
|
What are the afferent and efferent arms of the gastrocnemius tendon tap reflex? Where is this integrated?
|
Afferent - Tibial
Efferent - Tibial Integration - S1, S2 |
|
|
What are the afferent and efferent arms of the biceps brachii tendon tap reflex? Where is this integrated?
|
Afferent - Musculocutaneous
Efferent - Musculocutaneous Integration - C6 - 8 |
|
|
Which descending pathways facilitate flexion and inhibit extension? What is the nucleus of origin for each?
|
Corticobulbospinal - Cerebral Cortex
Rubrospinal - Red Nucleus Medullary Reticulospinal - Medullary Reticular Formation |
|
|
Which descending pathways Facilitate extension and inhibit flexion? What is the nucleus of origin for each?
|
Lateral Vestibulospinal - Lateral Vestibular Nucleus
Medial Vestibulospinal - Medial Vestibular Nucleus Pontine Reticulospinal - Pontine Reticular Formation |
|
|
T or F:
The only descending pathways that are crossed are those that facilitate flexion. |
True!
Only Corticobulbospinal and Rubrospinal cross |
|
|
Where do descending pathways that facilitate flexion run in the spinal cord?
|
Lateral Funiculus
|
|
|
Where do descending pathways that facilitate extention run in the spinal cord?
|
Ventral Funiculus
|
|
|
Which descending pathway involves the dilatory reflex? What is its nucleus of origin?
|
Tectospinal pathway
Rostral colliculi |
|
|
Which ascending pathways are responsible for conscious proprioception?
|
Dorsal column - medial lemniscus
Specific trigeminothalamic |
|
|
Where are the nuclei for conscious proprioception from the forelimb located? The hindlimb?
|
Fore - Nucleus cuneatus
Hind - Nucleus gracilis |
|
|
What are the ascending pathways responsible for pain from the body? Which cross in the spinal cord?
|
Spinothalamic - crosses
Spinoreticulothalamic - partially crosses Spinocervicothalamic - does not cross |
|
|
T or F:
LMNs and UMNs both lose their reflexes when lesions of each occur. |
False!
LMN lesions lose reflex while UMN retain reflex. |
|
|
How can the central excitatory state of a LMN be increased?
|
Increase the amount of EPSPs (override IPSPs)
|
|
|
How can the central excitatory state of a LMN be decreased?
|
Increase the amount of IPSPs (override EPSPs)
|
|
|
How is the central excitatory state of a motor neuron pool in the spinal cord tested?
|
Test any reflex involving the LMN pool
|
|
|
What are the stimuli, afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the sneezing reflex?
|
stimuli- irritation/tickle of nasal mucosa
afferent- maxillary of V CNS- cranial and spinal LMN to produce sneeze (7, 9, 10, and cervical LMN to neck) efferent- peripheral of cns response- sneezing |
|
|
What are the stimuli, afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the choking/gagging reflex?
|
stimuli- touch/pressure on pharynx
afferent- pharyngeal bundles of 9 and 10 CNS- LMN of 9 and 10 in medulla efferent- 9 and 10 response- choking/gagging |
|
|
What are the stimuli, afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the coughing reflex?
|
stimuli- irritation/touch/pressure of pharynx
afferent- cranial laryngeal from vagus CNS- coughing center in medulla efferent- peripheral n. of coughing center response- cough |
|
|
What are the stimuli, afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the cutaneous trunci reflex?
|
stimuli- touch to skin
afferent- cutaneous branches of intercostal nn. CNS- lateral thoracic in c8-t1 (within brachial enlargement) efferent- lateral thoracic nerve response- twitch in trunk musculature |
|
|
What are the stimuli, afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the preputial?
|
stimuli- touch to prepuce
afferent- ventral cutaneus of lumbar L3 L4 and genitofemoral nerve from L3 L4 and C8-T1 CNS- lmn of lateral thoracic in brachial enlargement efferent- response- |
|
|
What are the stimuli, afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the anal reflex?
|
stimuli- touch of anal sphincter
afferent- ventral branches of sacral 3 and caudal 1 in small, sacral 4 and 5 and caudal 1 in horse CNS- lmn of sacral and caudal nerves listed efferent- same as afferent response- contraction of anal sphincter |
|
|
What is the tract/relay nuclei for the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway?
|
caudal half of body: ascending branches form fasciculus gracilis, then go to nucleus gracilis, where fibers from opposite sides cross and turn cranially to form medial meniscus
cranial half of body: ascending branches go to fasciculus cuneatus and then nucleus cuneatus, where fibers cross and turn cranially to form medial meniscus fibers then both go to ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL), and then go into cerebrum via internal capsule to terminate in sensory motor cortex |
|
|
What is the tract/relay nuclei for the spinocervicothalamic pathway?
|
fibers run in dorsolateral fasciculus to lateral cervical nucleus (LCN), fibers then cross to opposite side of brain stem, run in medial lemniscus, go to VPL of thalamus, and then send fibers to SI and SII via internal capsule
|
|
|
What is the tract/relay nuclei for the spinothalamic pathway?
|
fibers come in dorsal horn, run through substantia gelatinosa, cross to opposite side of spinal cord, go up to VPL, and go through internal capsule to SI and SII
|
|
|
What is the tract/relay nuclei for the spinoreticulothalamic pathway?
|
first relay nucleus in the substantia gelatinosa layer, some fibers cross the spinal cord and some don't, fibers go up both sides to reticular formation and then nonspecific thalamic nuclei, then to cerebral cortex via internal capsule
|
|
|
where do the dorsal column pathways cross?
|
nucleus gracilis/ nucleus cuneatus
|
|
|
where do fibers in the spinocervicothalamic pathways cross?
|
lateral cervical nucleus
|
|
|
Where do fibers in the spinothalamic pathway cross?
|
lateral funiculus
|
|
|
where do fibers in the spinoreticulothalamic pathway cross?
|
substantia gelatinosa layer
|
|
|
what is the order of clinical signs with increasing spinal compression?
|
concious proprioception
unconcious proprioception voluntary motor superficial pain/touch deep pain |
|
|
what are the three reasons pain is the last to be lost?
|
Three D's!
Deep to skin Diameter Dispered (widely) throughout spinal cord |
|
|
how does nonspecific stimuli get to the cortex?
|
spinal nucleus of V, it's the substantia gelatinosa of the pons, medulla, and 1st cervical spinal cord segment, fibers cross and synapse in ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM), then go to SI and SII of cortex via internal capsule
|
|
|
how does specific stimuli get to the cortex?
|
main sensory nucleus , in the pons, fibers cross and terminate in the ventral posterior medial nucleus, then to SI and SII of cortex via internal capsule
|
|
|
what is the visual pathway for pupillary dilation?
|
optic nerve--> optic tract--> rostral colliculus--> tectospinal tract (bilaterally)--> intermediolateral horn of T1-T3 spinal cord ramus communicans--> sympathetic trunk--> cranial cervical ganglion--> post gang. nerve fibers through middle ear enter cranial vault to follow internal carotid then opthalmic branch of V--> dilator pupillae muscles of eye
|
|
|
what is the visual pathway for pupillary constriction?
|
optic tract--> pretectal nucleus--> rostral portion of occulomotor nucleus--> occulomotor nerve--> ciliary nerves--> sphincter pupillae muscles
|
|
|
define coma
|
unconscious and unable to be aroused
|
|
|
define stupor/dummy syndrome
|
conscious but doesn't respond to external stimuli unless they're vigorous or painful
|
|
|
define dull/lethargic/depressed/obtund
|
indifferent to surroundings and has sluggish responses to external stimuli
|
|
|
define normal
|
BAR
|
|
|
define anxious/apprehensive
|
very alert, nervous, looks about constantly, but normal in movement
|
|
|
define restless
|
animal moves around a lot and does some abnormal movement (kicking, rolling, bellowing)
|
|
|
define mania
|
excited and performing abnormal movements with vigor (kicking, rolling, bellowing)
|
|
|
define frenzy
|
wild, uncontrolled, dangerous/unmanageable
|
|
|
the ARAS exerts its influence on the brain via what pathway?
|
central tegmental tract
|
|
|
3 relay nuclei from sound on their way to the cortex (in order from first to last)
|
cochlear nuclei
caudal colliculus medial geniculate |
|
|
why would a crossed extension reflex when lying down occur?
|
UMN lesion
brain normally inhibits extensors of LMN inhibiting inhibitor= excitation |
|
|
3 places to stimulate electrically to cause stimulation-produced analgesia
|
periaqueductal grey
cutaneous surface over source of pain S site in dorsal column |
|
|
what is the difference between extensor postural thrust and spinal extensor thrust?
|
extensor postural thrust--response, a way to test conscious proprioception of feet touching table
spinal extensor thrust--reflex, leg extends when there's pressure on bottom of paw, responsible for spinal walking |
|
|
how does naloxone interfere with the effects of acupuncture?
|
it binds to the receptor sites of enkaphalins (competitive inhibition)
|
|
|
what thalamic nucleus does non-specific pain go to?
|
non-specific thalamic nucleus
|
|
|
what nucleus does the macula of the utricle and saccule go to? what does it give tonic input to?
|
lateral vestibular nucleus
extensors |
|
|
what nuclei do the semicircular canals go to?
what does it give tonic input to? what tract do they go down from the brain? |
medial and caudal vestibular nucleus
flexors medial longitudinal fasciculus |
|
|
name four ways to test vision in a cat
|
menace
pupillary light reflexes visual placing (also test conscious proprioception) watch them watch things |
|
|
clinical signs of a unilateral inner ear infection
|
circling to affected side
head tilt to affected side weakness of extensors of affected side |
