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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What stimulus does a niciceptor respond to?
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pain
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List two receptors for conscious proprioception
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Cutaneous receptors
Joint receptors |
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List two receptors for unconscious proprioception.
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Golgi tendon organ
Muscle spindles |
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Which spinal cord pathways transmit unconscious proprioception?
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Dorsal, ventral, and rostral spinocerebellar tract.
Cuneocerebellar tract. |
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Which spinal cord pathways transmit conscious proprioception?
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Dorsal column, spinothalamic, and spinocervicothalamic pathways
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Which spinal cord pathways are responsible for nociception?
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spinothalamic, spinocervicothalamic, and spinoreticulothalamic pathways
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Which of the following are tonic receptors?
Muscle spindle, Pacinian corpuscle, Golgi tendon organ, Joint receptors, Hair cell in macula of utricle. |
All but pacinian corpuscle.
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What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a muscle spindle in the left triceps have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
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Depolarizes
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What effect (either hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a Golgi tendon organ in a highly contracted left biceps have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
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Depolarizes
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What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a pinch to the dorsum of the left front paw have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
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Hyperpolarizes
(I don't get this one....I would think that it should depolarize it) |
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What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does a pinch to the skin on the lateral part of the 5th digit of the right front paw have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
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Depolarizes
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What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does the brain at rest have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
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Hyperpolarizes
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What effect (hyperpolarizes or depolarizes) does the left vestibulospinal pathway have on the LMN of the left triceps muscle?
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Depolarize
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Which of the following signs would be present in an UMN lesion?
Clonus, Areflexia, Loss of conscious proprioception, crossed extension reflex, loss of pain, loss of muscle tone |
Clonus
Loss of conscious proprioception Crossed extension reflex Loss of pain |
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Which of the following signs would be present in an LMN lesion?
Clonus, Areflexia, Loss of conscious proprioception, crossed extension reflex, loss of pain, loss of muscle tone |
Areflexia (loss of reflex)
Loss of conscious proprioception Loss of pain Loss of muscle tone |
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What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in a patellar tendon tap?
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Afferent - femoral n.
Efferent - femoral n. Center - L4 - L6 |
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What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the pupillary constriction reflex?
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Afferent - CN II
Efferent - CN III Center - pretectal nucleus |
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Which nerve innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm. and where does it arise from?
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Suprascapular
From C5, 6, and 7 |
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Which nerve innervates subscapularis m. and from where does it arise?
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Subscapular
D6, 7 |
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Which nerve innervates biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis mm. and from where does it arise?
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Musculocutaneous
C6, 7, 8 |
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Which nerve innervates deltoideus, teres major and minor mm. and from where does it arise?
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Axillary
C6, 7, 8 |
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Which nerve innervates Triceps brachii, and the extensors of the manus and from where does it arise?
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Radial
C7, 8, T1, 2 |
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Which nerves innervate the flexors of the carpus. and from where does it arise?
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Median and ulnar nn.
C8, T1, 2 |
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Which nerve innervates iliopsoas, sartorius, and quadriceps mm. and from where does it arise?
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Femoral
L4, 5, 6 |
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Which nerve innervates external obturator, pectineus, gracilis, and adductor mm. and from where does it arise?
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Obturator
L4, 5, 6 |
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Which nerve innervates middle and deep gluteal and tensor fascia lata mm. and from where does it arise?
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Cranial gluteal
L6, 7, S1 |
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Which nerve innervates Superficial gluteal mm. and from where does it arise?
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Caudal gluteal
L6, 7, S1 |
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Which nerve innervates biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus mm. and from where does it arise?
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Sciatic
L6, 7, S1, S2 |
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Which nerve innervates the flexors of the hock and extensors of the pes and from where does it arise?
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Common peroneal
L6, L7 |
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Which nerve innervates the extensors of the hock and flexors of the pes and from where does it arise?
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Tibial
S1, S2 |
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Which nerve innervates the caudal rectal and external anal sphincter mm. and from where does it arise?
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Pudendal
S1, 2, 3 |
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What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the palpebral reflex?
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Afferent - CNV
Efferent - CNVII Integration - medulla/pons |
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What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in pain to the plantar aspect of the pes?
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Afferent - Tibial
Efferent - Peroneal Integration - S1, S2 |
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What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the anal sphincter reflex?
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Afferent - Pudendal
Efferent - Pudendal Integration - S1, 2, 3 |
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What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in tap on extensor carpi radialis tendon?
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Afferent - Radial
Efferent - Radial Integration - C7 - T2 |
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What are the afferent nerves, efferent nerves, and integration centers involved in the corneal reflex?
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Afferent - CN V
Efferent - CN VI and VII Integration - Pons/Medulla |
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What are ways to test conscious proprioception in a dog?
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Knuckling
Hopping Tactile placing |
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Where are the nuclei cuneatus et gracilis located? What is their function?
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Located in medulla
Synapse for conscious proprioception of thoracic and pelvic limbs, respectively. |
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Which cranial nerves transmit taste to the brain?
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CN VII, IX, and X
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What drug blocks enkhepalins? What drug blocks the effects of acupuncture?
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Naloxone for both
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What ARAS stand for? What happens when there is a lesion in this region?
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Ascending Reticular Activating System
Lesion causes coma |
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Where in the thalamus does a touch to the hand relay? Sight?
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Touch - VPL nucleus
Sight - Lateral geniculate body |
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Where in the thalamus does touch to the face relay? Hearing?
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Touch - VPM nucleus
Hear - Medial geniculate body |
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Sudden REM sleep and cataplexy are symptoms of...
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...narcolepsy
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A lesion in what reflex arc causes Horner's syndrome? What are symptoms of Horner's syndrome?
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Pupillary dilation reflex
Symptoms - constricted pupils, inability to retract 3rd eyelid, sunken eye |
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With which areas of the brain do optic nerve fibers synapse? Which areas result in vision?
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Lateral geniculate body (vision)
Rostral colliculi (vision) Pretectal nucleus (pupillary light reflex) Hypothalamus (repro) |
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What vitamin is essential for vision? What substance is used to make?
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Vitamin A is a precursor for rhodopsin (via retinal and retinol)
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What is the major clinical sign when the macula of the utricle and saccule is unilaterally damaged?
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Weakness of extensors on ipsilateral side (I think mostly the pelvic limb but not certain)
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What receptor is stimulated with tonic and phasic stretch reflexes?
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Muscle spindle
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How do you test for tonic stretch reflex in a dog's front leg?
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Muscle tone evaluation
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How do you test for phasic stretch reflex in a cat's pelvic limb?
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Patellar tendon tap
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Which of the following serve as "programmers" and do not have spinal cord pathways?
Reticular formation Basal nuclei Red nucleus Cerebellum Motor cortex |
Basal nuclei
Cerebellum |
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Which cranial nerves have no LMNs?
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I, II, VIII
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Which cranial nerves have LMNs?
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III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII
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Does the red nucleus excite extensors or flexors? How about the pontine reticular nucleus?
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Flexors
Extensors |
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Does the motor cortex excite extensors or flexors? How about the medullary reticular nucleus?
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Flexors
Flexors |
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Does the lateral vestibular nucleus excite extensors or flexors? How about the red nucleus?
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Extensors
Flexors |
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Does increasing tension on the left patellar tendon depolarize or hyperpolarize the RMP of LMNs innervating the left quadriceps muscle?
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Hyperpolarize
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Does increasing tension on the left patellar tendon depolarize or hyperpolarize the RMP of LMNs innervating the left biceps femoris muscle?
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Depolarize
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Does increasing tension on the left patellar tendon depolarize or hyperpolarize the RMP of LMNs innervating the left semimembranosus muscle?
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Depolarize
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What are the afferent and efferent arms of the gastrocnemius tendon tap reflex? Where is this integrated?
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Afferent - Tibial
Efferent - Tibial Integration - S1, S2 |
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What are the afferent and efferent arms of the biceps brachii tendon tap reflex? Where is this integrated?
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Afferent - Musculocutaneous
Efferent - Musculocutaneous Integration - C6 - 8 |
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Which descending pathways facilitate flexion and inhibit extension? What is the nucleus of origin for each?
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Corticobulbospinal - Cerebral Cortex
Rubrospinal - Red Nucleus Medullary Reticulospinal - Medullary Reticular Formation |
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Which descending pathways Facilitate extension and inhibit flexion? What is the nucleus of origin for each?
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Lateral Vestibulospinal - Lateral Vestibular Nucleus
Medial Vestibulospinal - Medial Vestibular Nucleus Pontine Reticulospinal - Pontine Reticular Formation |
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T or F:
The only descending pathways that are crossed are those that facilitate flexion. |
True!
Only Corticobulbospinal and Rubrospinal cross |
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Where do descending pathways that facilitate flexion run in the spinal cord?
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Lateral Funiculus
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Where do descending pathways that facilitate extention run in the spinal cord?
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Ventral Funiculus
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Which descending pathway involves the dilatory reflex? What is its nucleus of origin?
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Tectospinal pathway
Rostral colliculi |
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Which ascending pathways are responsible for conscious proprioception?
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Dorsal column - medial lemniscus
Specific trigeminothalamic |
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Where are the nuclei for conscious proprioception from the forelimb located? The hindlimb?
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Fore - Nucleus cuneatus
Hind - Nucleus gracilis |
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What are the ascending pathways responsible for pain from the body? Which cross in the spinal cord?
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Spinothalamic - crosses
Spinoreticulothalamic - partially crosses Spinocervicothalamic - does not cross |
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T or F:
LMNs and UMNs both lose their reflexes when lesions of each occur. |
False!
LMN lesions lose reflex while UMN retain reflex. |
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How can the central excitatory state of a LMN be increased?
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Increase the amount of EPSPs (override IPSPs)
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How can the central excitatory state of a LMN be decreased?
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Increase the amount of IPSPs (override EPSPs)
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How is the central excitatory state of a motor neuron pool in the spinal cord tested?
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Test any reflex involving the LMN pool
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