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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main parts of the urinary system?
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Kidneys
Urinary bladder Ureters Urethra |
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Name some functions of the urinary system.
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Filter blood
Remove waste products Recover useful metabolites Store fluid waste Transport waste to exterior Homeostasis |
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Which homeostatic factors does the kidney have a role in?
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Fluid volume regulation
Acid/base regulation Electrolyte composition regulation Blood pressure regulation Erythropoesis Vitamin D activation |
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Where do blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter attach to the kidney?
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At the hilum
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ID these regions of the kidney:
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A - Cortex
B - Medulla C - Expansion of the ureter D - Capsule |
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What type of tissue is A pointing to? B?
ID the C and D layers. What is the junction between C and D called? What are the striations called? |
A - Dense irr CT capsule
B - Areolar CT C - Cortex D - Medulla Corticomedullary junction Medullary rays |
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What are medullary rays composed of?
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Group of nephron loop and collecting ducts
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Which cells secrete renin?
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Juxtoglomerular cells
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Which cells secrete erythropoetin?
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Endothelial cells of the peritubular capillaries
(not entirely sure about this one; I thought it was extraglomerular mesangial cells) |
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What vessels run in the corticomedullary junction?
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Arcuate vessels
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ID this!
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A - Cortex
B - Medulla C - Renal Corpuscle D - Nephron E - Corticomedullary junction with arcuate vessels |
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What are the vessels depicted in A? What do they surround? What is B?
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Vessels are vasa recta surrounding nephron
B is a collecting duct |
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Describe the afferent flow of arterial blood to the glomerulus.
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Renal a.
Interlobar a. Arcuate a. Interlobular a. Intralobular a. Afferent Glomerlular arteriole |
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T or F:
Little O2 is lost in the glomerular capillaries. |
True!
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T or F:
Little O2 is lost in the vasa recta capillary bed. |
False! This is where O2 and nutritive exchange occurs.
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What are the two capillary beds of the kidney?
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Glomerulus
Vasa Recta |
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ID these renal arteries
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A - Renal a.
B - Interlobar a. C - Arcuate a. D - Interlobular a. E - Intralobular a. |
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What vessel leaves the glomerulus? Where does (or can) blood go after this?
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Leaves the efferent glomerular arteriole and can go to the peritubular capillary network OR the vasa recta
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Describe the post-glomerular venous drainage of the renal system from the cortex.
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Efferent glomerular arteriole
Peritubular capillary network Interlobular v. Arcuate v. Interlobar v. Renal v. |
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Describe the post-glomerular venous drainage of the renal system from the medulla.
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Efferent glomerular arteriole
Vasa Recta Arcuate v. Interlobar v. Renal v. |
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What constitutes the renal corpuscle?
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Glomerulus
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule |
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What comprises the glomerulus?
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fenestrated capillaries
mesangial cells |
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T or F:
The glomerulus is also called the capillary plume. |
False! It's the capillary TUFT! Get it right next time dumbo...
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T or F:
There are many anastomoses between arcuate arteries. |
False! No anastomoses! I'm gonna anastomose your head to your ass if you don't start getting these right...
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ID these regions of the Renal Corpuscle
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A - Parietal epithelium
B - Visceral epithelium (podocytes) C - Glomerular capsule D - Juxtaglomerular cells E - Uriniferous space F - Glomerular capsule |
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What is the region of the renal corpuscle called where the arteries enter? Where the proximal tubule leaves?
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Arteries - Vascular pole
Tubule - Urinary pole |
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T or F:
The capillaries in the renal corpuscle are fenestrated. |
True!
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What is the function of the mesangial cell in the glomerulus?
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Support, phagocytosis, and contractile action
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What structures create the glomerular filtration barrier?
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Podocyte pedicels, fused basal lamina, and fenestrated capillary endothelium
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Hey! Isn't that Gizmo! Get that creepy mogwai outta my glomerulus!
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A - Endothelial cell
B - Fenestrations C - Basal lamina D - Podocyte pedicels E - Filtration barrier F - Podocyte primary process |
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What syndrome is caused by the development of antibodies against the basement membrane of the glomerulus?
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Goodpasture's syndrome
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T or F:
Albumin cannot cross the glomerular filtration barrier. |
False! Albumin goes through slowly but it can get through.
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What are two syndromes characterized by proteinuria?
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Diabetes
Nephrotic syndrome |
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ID these regions of the urineferous tubule
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A - Glomerular capsule
B - Proximal convoluted tubule C - Proximal straight tubule D - Thin limb (descending and ascending) |
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ID
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A - Distal straight tubule
B - Distal convoluted tubule C - Collecting duct |
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ID
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A - Distal straight tubule
B - Distal convoluted tubule C - Collecting duct |
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Which regions of the uriniferous tubule are ONLY in the cortex?
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Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule Glomerular capsule |
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Which regions of the uriniferous tubule are ONLY in the medulla? Which span the corticomedullary junction?
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Thin descending/ascending limbs are in the medulla
Thick descending/ascending limbs (proximal/distal straight tubules) span the junction |
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T or F:
The proximal convoluted tubule has less nuclei (histologically) than does the distal convoluted tubule. |
True!
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ID the structures on this cross section of the kidney.
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A - Renal corpuscle
B - Proximal convoluted tubule C - Distal convoluted tubule D - Brush border |
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What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubules?
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Reabsorb 60 - 80% of Na, Cl, and H2O and all glucose, AAs and proteins
Eliminates organic solutes, drugs, toxins, and NH4+ |
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What is the eponymous name for the nephron loop?
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Loop of Henle
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ID these structures in the renal medulla
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A - thin limb of nephron loop
B - thick limb of nephron loop |
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Which region of the nephron loop is highly permeable to water? Which is impermeable to water?
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Descending limb is highly permeable while ascending is impermeable.
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Which region of the nephron loop actively pumps Cl- into the interstitial space?
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Ascending limb
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Which region of the nephron loop is partially permeable to urea, Na+, and Cl-?
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Descending limb
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T or F:
The ascending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to water and partially permeable to Na+, Cl-, and urea. |
False!
It is impermeable to water and pumps-out Cl- |
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T or F:
Both the descending and ascending limbs allow Cl- to cross. |
True!
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Which is more prevalent? Proximal or distal convoluted tubules?
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~7x more proximal!
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What is the function of the distal convoluted tubules?
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Reabsorption of Na, Cl, Ca, K, and Mg
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Ho ho ho how did this dude get here? What space (B) is the jolly green giant hanging out in?
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A - Proximal convoluted tubule
B - Uriniferous space C - Glomerulus D - Distal convoluted tubule E - Macula densa |
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Silly Master P thinks he can drive his ghetto tank anywhere but he got lost! Tell him where he is and how you know...
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He's in the collecting ducts! Notice the high cuboidal epithelium and less eosinophilic lateral borders.
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What are the two cell types in the collecting ducts and what are their functions?
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Principal (light) cells - resorb Na and Cl
Intercalated (dark) cells - release H+ for pH balance |
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Where does ADH cause the insertion of aquaporins?
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In the collecting ducts
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ID these structures:
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A - Papillary duct
B - Thin limb of nephron loop C - Dumb Donald |
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What's Voltron doing here? Where is he and what does this region empty into?
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Area Cribrosa enters into the expansion of the ureter
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What is the function of the Macula Densa? What cells does the Macula Densa work with?
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Senses filtrate Na+ levels and volume and signals Juxtaglomerular cells when levels are too low.
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T or F:
The Macula Densa acts when Na or filtrate volume get too high. |
False! It acts when either gets too low!
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What do the juxtaglomerular cells secrete?
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Renin!
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T or F:
Filtrate osmolality in the ascending thick limb is unaffected by ADH. |
True! ADH only works on the collecting ducts!
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Physiologically, as filtrate travels through the nephron loop, the filtrate loses __________ when descending and loses __________ when ascending.
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Water
Na and Cl |
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What are the relative levels of water and ions in the arterial and venous sides of the vasa recta.
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Arterial side has less water but more ions while venous side has lower ions and more water. (I don't think that this is right...)
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How many layers of tunica muscularis in the ureter? What is the orientation of each?
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3 layers
Inner is longitudinal and the other two are circular |
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Why is horse urine foamy?
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Equids have goblet cells in their ureters (adds mucus).
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What is the epithelium in the renal pelvis? In the ureter?
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Transitional epithelium in both!
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This is the urethra from which animal?
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Horse! Check out the branched tubuloalveolar glands!
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T or F:
The capsule of the ureter is adventitia. |
False dummy! It's half adventitia and half serosa!
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T or F:
The capsule of the ureter is serosa. |
False dummy! It's half adventitia and half serosa!
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Describe the orientation of the muscularis mucosa in the renal pelvis and the ureter.
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Fooled ya! The renal pelvis and ureter have lamina propria submucosa and, thus, HAVE NO MUSCULARIS MUCOSA!!!
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How many tunica muscularis layers in the urinary bladder? Describe their orientation.
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3 layered:
Circular sandwiched between longitudinal |
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Which layer of the tunica muscularis of the bladder forms the smooth muscle sphincter?
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Middle circular
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T or F:
Cats have no muscularis mucosa in the bladder while most other species do. |
True dat!
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Describe the epithelia of the pelvic and spongy urethra.
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Pelvic - transitional to pseudostratefied columnar epi
Spongy - stratefied columnar to str. squameous epi |
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T or F:
The urethra has 3 layers of muscularis mucosa. |
False! Only two in females!
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Where does the urethralis muscle begin?
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Where urethra enters the perineum
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