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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the innermost layer of a tubular organ called?
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Tunica mucosa
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What are the sublayers of the innermost layer of a tubular organ called?
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Tunica mucosa is the innermost layer
- Lamina epithelialis mucosa - Lamina propria mucosa - Lamina muscularis mucosa |
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What is the outermost layer of a tubular organ called?
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Tunica serosa or adventitia
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Does the inner layer of smooth muscle in the tunica mucosa run longitudinally or transversely?
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Inner layer is transverse (circular).
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What is the type of ganglia found in the Muscularis Externa? What is the eponymous name of these structures?
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Myenteric ganglia
Auerbach's ganglia |
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What are the middle two layers of tubular organs called?
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Tunica submucosa
Tunica muscularis |
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What would the outer lining of a tubular organ in the thoracic cavity be called? Abdominal cavity?
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Serosa
Serosa (que serosa serosa) |
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T or F, a tubular organ in the cervical region is covered by serosa.
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False! I'll bet you answered true, *******!!
Serosa only covers tubular organs in a defined cavity. This would be ADVENTITIA! Try and get it right next time. |
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What are the main regions of the respiratory system (classified by how air is handled)?
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Conduction zone
Transition zone Respiration zone |
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Which respiratory zone is responsible for gas exchange?
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Respiration zone
Transition zone has some respiratory function as well. |
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What is the function of the conducting region of the respiratory system?
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Duh. Conducting air into the lungs.
Also filters, humidifies, temperature regulates, and makes noise (phonation). |
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List the parts of the conduction region that brings air to the lungs.
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Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea |
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What are the parts of the conduction region once the air reaches the lungs?
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Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles |
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What hairs filter-out dust particles in the nasal cavity?
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Vibrissae
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What is the most rostral opening of the nasal cavity? What is the caudal region of the nasal cavity called?
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Nares
Choana |
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What is just caudal to the nares? What type of cells line this region?
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Vestibule
Keratinized stratefied squameous epithelium |
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Where is olfactory epithelium found in the nasal cavity? What distinguishes this epithelium from respiratory epithelium?
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Turbinates (dorsal, medial, and lateral surfaces)
Both are ciliated pseudostratefied columnar epithelium but olfactory is much thicker. |
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What three cell types make up olfactory epithelium?
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Olfactory cells
Sustentacular cells Basal cells |
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T or F
Olfactory cells are not technically neurons. |
False, *******!
Olfactory cells are modified bipolar neurons. |
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What tissue in the nasal cavity is responsible for temperature regulation?
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Erectile tissue
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T or F
Lamina propria is fused with the periosteum in the paranasal sinuses. |
True
Word. |
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What regulates peristalsis? Between which two layers is this structure found?
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Myenteric plexes (Auerbach's plexes)
Found between inner and outer muscular layers of the muscularis externa. |
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What is the support cell of the olfactory epithelium?
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Sustentacular cell
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What is the function of the vomeronasal organ?
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Phermone detection
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What respiratory region lies dorsal to the soft palate? What type of muscle is found in the tunica muscularis of this structure?
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Nasopharynx
Skeletal muscle |
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What connects the pharynx to the trachea? What structure prevents food aspiration in this region?
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Larynx
Epiglottis |
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What kind of epithelium is found in the nasopharynx?
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Stratefied squameous epithelium
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What is different between the trachea of birds and that of mammals?
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Birds have complete cartilagenous rings while mammals don't.
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What is the mucosa of the trachea?
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Pseudostratefied columnar epithelium w/goblet cells.
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Where is the tunica muscularis located in the trachea?
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Trachealis m.
Found between cartilage rings. |
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If the lung were a gland, what would it secrete?
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CO2
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What is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles?
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Bronchi still have cartilage associated with them.
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What arrangement does the muscle in the lamina muscularis in a bonchi have?
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helical
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What is found in bronchial fluid?
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mucins
serum proteins lactoferrin sigA (mediates surface protection) IgM, glycoproteins |
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T or F
Bronchiole mucosa is simple columnar or cuboidal and has a high density of goblet cells. |
FALSE FOOL!
No goblet cells on bronchioles. They do have cilia, though, to help move secretions out of the respiratory tract. |
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What are the regenerative cells of the respiratory tract?
How do they degrade toxins? |
Clara cells
Cytochrome p450 pathway |
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T or F
Respiratory bronchioles are present in all mammals. |
False.
These are sporadically present. They are pretty much terminal bronchioles with some alveoli interspersed. |
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What are the divisions of the exchange components of the respiratory tract?
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Respiratory bronchioles (if present)
Alveolar ducts Saccules Alveoli |
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What cells are found in the exchange region of the respiratory tract?
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Pneumocytes (type I and II)
Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages |
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T or F
Type II Pneumocytes form tight junctions with type I and are the most common pneumocyte. |
FALSE!
95% are type I pneumocytes! The tight junction part was true, though. |
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What is the function of type I and II pneumocytes?
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Type I - prevents interstitial fluid from getting into lungs
Type II - produces/regulates surfactants |
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T or F
Type II pneumocytes are cuboidal and can produce both type I and type II pneumocytes. |
Trizzue.
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"I can't believe it's not lung butter!?" ....what's it really made of?
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Lung butter = pulmonary macrophages!
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What are "heart failure cells"?
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PAMs filled with phagocytized, extravasated RBCs
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What comprises the blood/air barrier?
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Type I pneumocyte
Basement membrane Septal space (containing fine collagen, reticular and/or elastic fibers) Endothelial cell (capillary) |
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What is the diameter of alveolar capillaries?
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8um
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What vessels provide nutritional blood supply to the lung?
What lymphatic vessels drain the lung? |
Bronchial arteries.
Superficial and deep lymphatic vessels. |
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What is the effect of parasympathetic tone on the bronchii? How 'bout sympathetic tone?
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Bronchoconstriction
Bronchodilation |
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What are the parts of the avian upper respiratory tract?
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Nasal cavity
Trachea Syrinx Primary bronchi |
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How many air sacs do birds have?
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7 (3 paris and one single cervical air sac)
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T or F
Bird lungs don't expand. T or F Birds bronchioles have no cartilage. |
True! Bird lungs don't expand!
False! Birds have no bronchioles! |
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What structure is used for phonation in mammals? In birds?
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Larynx in mammals
Syrinx in birds |
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Where does the respiratory-associated cartilage end in birds?
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In the vestibulum
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What structure(s) in birds are responsible for gas exchange? What describes the current of exchange?
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Parabronchus
Contains blood and air capillaries. Countercurrent exchange. |
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What are the two units of an avian lung?
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Paleopulmon and neopulmon
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