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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neonatal foals are _________ until proven otherwise!
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SEPTIC
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What is the gestation length of the horse (average and range)?
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340d (315-365)
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What are some questions you should ask about the mare in a peripartum evaluation?
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Signalment
Maiden/previous foaling? Previous parturition issues? Med issues during gestation? Vaccination status? Resident mare or shipped? Dripping milk pre-foaling? Vag discharge? Diet? Vitamin supplements? |
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What is some information that you should gather about mare during a foaling?
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Duration of foaling?
Foaling attended/assisted? How much assistance? Malpositioning? Foaling standing or recumbent? Did mare remain down after foaling? Did placenta pass? |
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What is some info to gather about the foal during a foaling?
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Foal behavior after foaling?
What bedding foal is on? Suckle response? |
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Why are wood chips bad for foaling?
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Harbor Klebsiella
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Why should mares have vitamin E supplementation?
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Prevent degenerative myelopathy in the foal
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Post foaling, the foal should be sternal in __________, standing within _________, nursing by ___________, and the placenta should pass by ____________.
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Sternal 15 min; standing 1hr
Nursing 2hr Placenta pass 3 hr |
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The placenta should be _____% of the foal weight.
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10% (7-10 lbs normally)
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If a foal "forgets" how to lay down it may indicate...
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...hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
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T or F:
The foals pulse/resp rate should be in the 60s within the first 24 hours. |
False!
HR should be 70-100 (up to 120); resp rate should be 60-80 post foaling; usually 20-40 by 24 hrs |
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What is the enema rule?
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ONE enema! Use fleet or soapy water.
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What is a top differential for a foal that is standing/straining?
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Meconium impaction
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What should you look for regarding the foal's musculoskeletal system?
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Flexural deformities
Lameness/weakness Skull symmetry and doming Vertebral malformation Rib fractures Swollen joints |
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What are normals for foals >1d old?
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T - 101-102
P - 70-100 R - 20-40 |
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Floppy lips in a foal indicates...
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...premature/dysmature
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How can you diagnose a cleft palate in a foal?
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Feel it with your hand, b*tch!
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What is paradoxical breathing? When is it seen?
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Abdomen and chest expand together; may indicate diphragmatic damage (hernia)
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What do you think if the umbilicus remains moist?
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possible patent urachus
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What is hypopion in the foal indicative of? Hyphema?
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Hypopion - SEPTICEMIA
Hyphema - trauma (dystocia) |
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When do you give prophylactic antibiotics in a foal?
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When you want to be a dumbarse.
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What lab data should ALWAYS be obtained in a neonate foal?
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IgG levels by snap test!
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What are some causes of suspected failure of passive transfer in a foal?
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Premature delivery
Injury/death to mare Delayed nursing Weak/ill foal (in utero infxn) Old/young mare Agalactia |
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Agalactia can sometimes be associated with _________toxicity.
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Fescue
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How do foals differ from calves in terms of gut closure? (maybe it's more how Schlipf differs from Cebra)
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Suckle is necessary for gut closure in calves; gut closes regardless of suckling in foals
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In foals, when does the maximal absorption of antibodies from colostrum take place?
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Within the first 6 hrs
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What level of antibody is IDEAL in equine passive transfer? What value indicates complete failure?
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>800mg/dL is IDEAL
<400 is FAILING |
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What is a good specific gravity for equine colostrum? What is a good antibody level? What volume of colostrum should be given?
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>1.060
3g/dL IgG is good Give 1.5-2L in first 8 hrs |
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How is failure of passive transfer treated?
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Transfusion of plasma! Usually 1-2L (at $300/L)!!
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What are acceptable sources of plasma when treating FPT?
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Mare or gelding
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What is the most common cause for foal neonatal mortality/morbidity?
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septicemia
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What are some mare factors leading to a "high risk" foal?
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Chronic illness/malnutrition
Prepartum colostrum loss Dystocia/induced birth/c-section Premature placental separation Placentitis Mare death Aged mare |
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What are some foal factors leading to a "high risk" foal?
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Dysmaturity/prematurity
Low birth weight Resuscitation required post foaling Meconium staining/impaction |
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Which are true regarding equine neonatal septicemia?
a) most are due to gram positive bacteria b) Klebsiella and E. coli are very commonly implicated c) foal may be BAR d) need a blood culture for definitive diagnosis e) pinnae petechiation is pathognomic |
b) Klebsiella and E. coli are very commonly implicated
d) need a blood culture for definitive diagnosis e) pinnae petechiation is pathognomic (most are gram negative) |
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A sepsis score above ____ indicates a 93% likelihood of sepsis.
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>11
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T or F:
Fever is the most common sign in foal septicemia. |
False!
They are more often HYPOTHERMIC |
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Which antibiotics are commonly administered to a foal with sepsis?
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Aminoglycoside (amikacin) + penicillin
(NOT procaine penicillin) |
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What are complications due to foal sepsis?
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Pneumonia
Septic arthritis Meningitis Osteomyelitis Peritonitis Seizures Diarrhea |
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T or F:
Foals in sepsis should always get plasma supplementation. |
True! Even if you don't suspect FPT
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What sign is PATHOGNOMIC for foal sepsis?
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Pennae petechiation
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Premature foals are born before _____ days gestation.
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before 320d gestation WITH ACCOMPANYING SIGNS OF IMMATURITY
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A dysmature foal is typically born after...
a) 315 d with signs of immmaturity b) 320 d c) 340 d with signs of immmaturity d) 365 d with signs of immmaturity |
c) 340 d with signs of immmaturity
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What are some signs of foal immaturity?
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Thin skin
Soft, short, silky hair coat Low birth weight Tendon laxity (dishrag foal) Pliant ear with curved tips Soft droopy lips Bulging forehead |
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What percentage of dysmature/immature foals survive and why?
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<20% survive
Mainly due to immature lungs leading to hypoxemia and persistent metabolic acidemia |
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What is the most common cause of neonate foal colic? Who gets this more (colts or fillies)?
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meconium impation
Colts>Fillies |
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What are differentials for a meconium impaction? How is it diagnosed?
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Intussusception, Atresia coli, Strangulating lesion
(dx: digital rectal; US; rads) |
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How is meconium impaction treated?
a) Fleet/soapy water enema b) Mineral oil enema c) Oral sodium succinate d) PILEDRIVER |
a) Fleet/soapy water enema
d) PILEDRIVER (oral MOM, MgOH, and castor oil - dangerous and may cause bowel rupture) |
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What are some good treatments for meconium impaction?
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200mL enema (fleet, soapy water, dioctyl Na-succinate, 4% acetylcystiene)
PILEDRIVER (MgOH, MOM, Castor oil orally) |
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T or F:
Uroabdomen usually occurs in male neonates. |
True!
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What are clin-path signs of uroabdomen?
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High K & Low NaCl
Azotemia Peritoneal creatinine 2x serum creatinine |
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How should you medically treat a neonate with a ruptured bladder?
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NOT AN EMERGENCY!
Fluids; maybe double strength saline Insulin + glucose (lowers K) Drain abdomen SLOWLY maybe add oxygen |
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"Red-bag" can predispose foals to what condition?
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Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and/or sEizURes (d/t premature placental separation and low O2)
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What are some signs of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy? How is it diagnosed?
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Dx by clinical signs!
Foal starts normal (hrs to days) Loss of suckle initially Loss of affinity to mare Abnormal breathing/vocalization CNS signs to stupor/coma Usually normal lab values |
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The most frequent manifestation of foal CNS disease is...
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...sEIzuReS
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T or F:
Hypoglycemia is a common cause of seizuring in neonatal foals. |
False!
Seizures are MULTIFACTORAL; hypoglycemia is a part of this but not the cause |
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There are a sh*t-ton of possible causes for foal seizures. Name all of them.
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Hypoxic injury during birth
Sepsis Congenital abnormalities Idiopathic Heat stroke Metabolic probs Infection Liver dz trauma |
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What are some metabolic issues that play a role in the seizing foal?
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acidemia
hypoglycemia hypoCa hypo/hyperNa hyperNH3 |
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What are some infectious causes of foal seizures? Which is most common?
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Bacterial/viral meningoencephalitis
Tyzzer's dz Botulism |
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What are some congenital causes of foal seizures?
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Hydrocephalus
Hydranencephaly Hypomyelinogenesis |
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How are foal seizures treated?
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Treat underlying cause!
Diazepam for immediate tx Phenobarb +/- KBr |
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Neonatal isoerythrolysis is caused by incompatibilities in which factors?
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Aa or Qa usually
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Which breeds are predisposed to neonatal isoerythrolysis?
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Mules
Standardbreds |
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Which is true regarding neonatal isoerythrolysis?
a) Both mare and stallion lack Aa/Qa factors but foal has antibodies to these b) Mare has Aa/Qa factors but stallion lacks these c) Stallion has factors Aa/Qa but mare lacks these d) Mare, stallion, and foal have antibodies to Aa/Qa |
c) Stallion has factors Aa/Qa but mare lacks these
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How can neonatal isoerythrolysis be diagnosed?
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Coomb's test
Blood typing Jaundice foal agglutination test titer greater than 16 |
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What are major signs of neonatal isoerythrolysis?
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Jaundice/icterus/pale MM
Hemoglobinuria/emia Tachypnea/cardia Low PCV/total RBC Weak foal, loss of suckle |
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In severe neonatal isoerythrolysis cases, how can a suitable transfusion donor be determined? Who is the PERFECT donor?
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Crossmatching (major/minor)
Major is donor cells w/foal plasma; minor is donor plasma w/foal cells. PERFECT donor is WASHED MARE RBCs |
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If you see a foal with signs of sepsis but negative blood culture and the dam has an unknown vaccination history, what should you be thinking? What is the prognosis?
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Equine Herpes Infection!
Foal is gonna die... |
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How can Equine Herpes be diagnosed in a foal?
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Dx at necropsy
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