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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are some factors affecting bovine respiratory rate and depth?
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Pathology (respiratory and non-respiratory)
Physiology (fear/pain/anxiety) Temperature Metabolic disturbances |
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Choose whether each sign is indicative of upper or lower respiratory disease.
Increased rate Bilateral discharge Decreased nostril airflow Expiratory dyspnea |
Increased rate (lower)
Bilateral discharge (lower) Decreased nostril airflow (upper) Expiratory dyspnea (lower) |
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Choose whether each sign is indicative of upper or lower respiratory disease.
Respiratory noise Inspiratory dyspnea Abnormal pulmonary auscultation Facial/pharyngeal swelling |
Respiratory noise (upper)
Inspiratory dyspnea (upper) Abnormal pulmonary auscultation (lower) Facial/pharyngeal swelling (upper) |
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What is a normal resp rate for adult cattle? Calves?
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Adult (18-35)
Calves (20-50) |
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Which of the following will INCREASE respiratory rate/depth?
a) pain b) pleuritis c) metabolic acidosis d) metabolic alkalosis e) high temperatures |
a) pain
c) metabolic acidosis e) high temperatures |
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What is a cause of paradoxical breathing in camelids?
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Phrenic nerve degeneration (diaphragmatic paralysis)
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Which facial lymph nodes should be examined in bovine respiratory disease?
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Submandibular
Parotid Retropharyngeal |
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What is the auscultable region of the left bovine lung?
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Dorsal (epaxial musculature)
Cranial (caudal triceps) Caudal (4cm above elbow - middle of 9th rib - dorsal 11th ICS) |
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What is the auscultable region of the right bovine lung?
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Dorsal (epaxial musculature)
Cranial (caudal triceps) Caudal (4cm above elbow - middle of 9th rib - dorsal 12th ICS) |
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What are some causes of decreased transmission of breath sounds?
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Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax Space occupying masses Pulmonary abscesses Diaphragmatic hernias |
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Which adventitous sound indicates airway secretions?
a) crackles b) wheezes c) friction rub |
a) crackles
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Which adventitous sound indicates narrowed airways?
a) crackles b) wheezes c) friction rub |
b) wheezes
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Which adventitous sound indicates pleuritis?
a) crackles b) wheezes c) friction rub |
c) friction rub
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Crepitating sound on thoracic auscultation may be indicative of...
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...SQ emphysema from BRSV
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What are some causes of muffled heart sounds in cattle?
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Pneumo-mediastinum
Thoracic abscesses Diaphragmatic hernia Thoracic LSA |
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What are 2 methods for assessing thoracic or cranial abdominal pain?
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Scooch test
2x4-upside-the-xiphoid text |
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T or F:
In cattle, there are typically more lymphocytes than neutrophils. |
True!
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What are some indicators of bovine infectious disease?
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More neuts than lymphs
Degenerate/toxic neuts Hyperfibrinogenemia Dysproteinemia Eosinophilia |
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Bovine pneumonia with a dry trachea could be due to ___________ or ____________.
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Viral infxn
Interstitial pneumonia |
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Which type of diagnostic lavage correlates well with lung biopsy?
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BAL
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Where are lung biopsies performed in cattle?
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8th or 9th ICS between middle and upper thirds of chest wall.
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Where is thoracocentesis performed in cattle?
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3rd through 7th ICS cranial to the rib.
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What are some complications after lung biopsy in cattle?
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Epistaxis, hemoptysis, pneumothorax, SQ emphysemia
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What is a common congenital upper respiratory tract disorder in cattle? How is it treated?
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Cystic nasal turbinate
Treated via drainage and surgical ablation |
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T or F:
Most fevers of unknown origin in cattle are due to neoplasia. |
False!
But 30% of FUO's are... |
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Which of the following is not a clinical sign of acquired upper respiratory disease in cattle?
a) Enlarged lymph nodes b) Stridor/stertor c) Facial distortion d) Fever and weight loss e) progressive expiratory dyspnea |
e) progressive expiratory dyspnea (should be INSPIRATORY)
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What is the most common fungal nasal granuloma in cattle? Bacterial?
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Rhinosporidium (fungal)
Actinobacillus ligniersii or Actinomyces bovis (bacterial) |
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You see a unilateral fleshy mass in the external nare of a cow, what is it?
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Acinobacillus ligniersii granuloma
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Multiple tracheal bacterial granulomas in a cow are due to...
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...Actinomyces bovis
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T or F:
A good way to discern Actinomyces bovis from Actinobacillus ligniersii is that A. ligniersii has sulfur granule pus. |
False!
Both have sulfur granule pus! |
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding bovine allergic rhinitis?
a) Type III hypersensitivity b) usually occurs in cattle >6 months c) Is treated with antihistamines d) Jerseys and Guernseys are predisposed e) Characterized by excessive mucus production |
a) Type III hypersensitivity (NOPE, TYPE I)
c) Is treated with antihistamines (NOPE, CORTICOSTEROIDS) |
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What are signs of nasal trauma and fractures?
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Swelling
SQ emphysema Resp noise Epistaxis Signs of 2' infection |
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Which bovine nasal tumor is postulated to have a viral etiology?
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Ethmoid adenocarcinomas
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Which bacterium causes post-dehorning sinusitis most often?
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Arcanobacterium pyogenes
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Which bacteria are implicated in bovine sinusitis?
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A. pyogenes, E. coli, P. multocida, anaerobes, C. tetani
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How is acute bovine sinusitis treated?
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Clean wounds
Lavage sinuses w/dilute antiseptics 14d abx (usu penicillin) Oral meloxicam for pain |
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How is chronic bovine sinusitis treated?
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2x trephine sites + lavage
Penrose drain 14-28d abx (NOT penicillin - doesn't get P. multocida, use TET) |
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What is a major cause of pharyngeal trauma in cattle?
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Iatrogenic (balling guns, dose syringes, specula, stomach tubes, etc)
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What are opportunistic bacteria that take advantage of pharyngeal trauma in cattle?
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F. necrophorum
A. pyogenes Actinobacillus Pasteurella Strept. |
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What are the two syndromes of the head caused by F. necrophorum in cattle?
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Necrotic stomatitis
Necrotic laryngitis (calf diptheria) |
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T or F:
F. necrophorum cannot invade the mucosa without previous or concurrent trauma. |
Tru dat! H. somni can also lead to F. necrophorum invasion.
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How is calf diptheria treated?
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Penicillin
Maybe add sulfonamides Maybe oxytet, ceftiofur, or others |
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What are clinical signs of calf diptheria?
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Inspiratory dyspnea
Fever Nasal discharge Painful soft cough Salivation/dysphagia Foul breath Laryngeal hemiplegia |
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Small yellow frondlike growths over a feedlot cows vocal processes is due to...
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...papovavirus (laryngeal papillomatosis)
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What is often associated with tracheal collapse in calves?
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Previous dystocia
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Edema and hemorrhage in the submucosa of the dorsal tracheal wall of heavy steers and hiefers describes...
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...Tracheal Edema Syndrome (Bovine Honkers Syndrome)
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding bovine honkers syndrome?
a) possible link to dystocia b) relapse is common once recovered c) unknown etiology d) chronic form can present as polyps e) involves the cranial 1/3 of the trachea |
a) possible link to dystocia (UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY)
e) involves the cranial 1/3 of the trachea (midcervical to tracheal bifurcation) |
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T or F:
Extra-label use of over-the-counter PPG requires a veterinary prescription. |
True!
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Describe the approved ELDU guidelines in a nutshell...
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No existing labelled drug will do the job
Valid VCPR Good diagnosis made Withdrawal times determined Vet-supervision Only for FDA-approved drugs |
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What is the leading cause of feedlot disease?
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Bacterial pneumonia
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What are the 3 clinical syndromes of pneumonia in cattle? What are the distributions of each?
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Bronchial (cranioventral)
Interstitial (diffuse) Metastatic (wherever they want) |
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What is the classic sign of metastatic bovine pneumonia?
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Hemoptysis
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What are the 3 major bacteria involved in BRDC?
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Mannheimia haemolytica (A1)
Histophilus somni Pasturella multocida |
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What is the chief cause of pathogenesis in Mannheimia infection?
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Immune response! (LPS activates neutrophils and macrophages)
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Which are necessary to cause pneumonia due to M. haemolytica?
a) stress b) mutation of serotype 2 to serotype 1 c) inhalation of a few bacterial particles d) neutrophils |
a) stress
d) neutrophils (note - must inhale large numbers of bacteria; stress causes explosive growth of type 1) |
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What are the virulence factors for M. Haemolytica?
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Fimbriae
Polysaccharide capsule LPS Leukotoxin |
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Which short-acting antibiotics are approved for bronchopneumonia in beef cattle?
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Ceftiofur
Enrofloxacin Oxytetracycline PPG Tylosin |
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Which abx can ONLY be used at labeled dosages and for labeled indications?
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Cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones Enrofloxacin/Danrofloxacin Medicated feeds Sulfadimethoxine (dairy cattle) |
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What are some feedlot practices that can help prevent BRDC?
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Rest before processing
Temp sorting Good management/hygiene/ample space Minimal mixing Hay only on arrival w/gradual transition to grain Metaphylaxis |
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What serotype of P. multocida is associated with BRDC?
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Serotype A3
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Which of the "big 3" is more associated with...
...poor management. |
Pasteurella multocida
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Which of the "big 3" is more associated with...
...foci of coagulative necrosis. |
Mannheimia haemolytica
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Which of the "big 3" is more associated with...
...respiratory, reproductive, and septicemic disease. |
H. somni
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Which of the "big 3" is more associated with...
...fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia |
M. haemolytica; H. somni; P. multocida
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Which drugs are good against H. somni?
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Ceftiofur/Florfenicol good for CNS cases
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What is the most common causes of venocaval thrombosis?
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F. necrophorum
(also A. pyogenes, E. coli, Staph, Strept) |
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How can venocaval thrombosis be prevented?
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Slow adaptation to high energy feed
Maybe abx in feed? |
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Gangrenous bronchopneumonia is a sign of...
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...aspiration pneumonia
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How is aspiration pneumonia treated?
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Pretty much just penicillin...
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Which bacteria usually cause pulmonary abscessation? How is this treated?
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A. pyogenes and Bacteroides melaninogenicus
(tx: penicillin, tilmicosin, oxytet, florfenicol) |
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is caused by...
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...Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. mycoides
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Which type of bovine pneumonia has the highest mortality?
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
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Which bovine lung disease is frequently unilateral?
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides)
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What are the major viral agents involved in bovine lower respiratory disease?
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MCF
BRSV PI-3 BHV-1 (also kinda BVDV) |
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Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is caused by...
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...BHV-1
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Which bovine viral respiratory disease has low morbidity and high case mortality?
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MCF
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Which bovine viral respiratory disease has subcutaneous emphysema?
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BRSV
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Which bovine respiratory virus causes the least clinical signs?
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PI-3
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Which bovine respiratory virus can cause a hypersensitivity reaction?
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BRSV
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Which viruses are have a synergistic relationship with M. haemolytica?
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BRSV
BHV1 BVDV |
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What are advantages to bacterin vaccines?
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Safety! Will not cause clinical disease.
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What are advantages to MLV vaccines?
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Stronger immunity and more rapid protection
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Which bovine respiratory virus replicates in lymphoid tissue?
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MCF
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Which bovine respiratory virus replicates in upper resp tract epithelium?
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BHV-1
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Which bovine respiratory virus causes several clinical syndromes?
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BHV-1 (causes several)
BRSV (causes 2) |
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How is ARDS treated?
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Steroids
Furosemide Atropine NSAIDs |
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What are the causative agents of verminous pneumonia of cattle?
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Dictyocaulus viviparus
Ascaris suum |
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How can Dictyocaulus viviparus infection be diagnosed?
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Baermann test (L1 larvae passed in feces 25d post-infection)
Tracheal wash (eosinophils/larvae) CBC (peripheral eosinophilia 2 weeks PI) |
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Which phase of parasitic pneumonia involves coughing and tachypnea proportional to infestation? What is the timeframe of this phase?
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Pre-patent phase (7-25d PI)
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Which phase of parasitic pneumonia involves harsh lung sounds, tracheitis, lung consolidation, and, sometimes, death? What is the timeframe of this phase?
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Patent phase (parasitic pneumonia); (25-55d PI)
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Which phase of parasitic pneumonia involves self-cure? What is the timeframe of this phase?
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Post-patent phase (55-90d PI)
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T or F:
Baermann test is always negative with re-infection syndrome. |
Pretty much YES
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How can verminous pneumonia be treated?
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Ivermectin at 3, 8, and 13 weeks during grazing season
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