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52 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the boundaries of the pelvic cavity?

Dorsal - sacrum and 1st few Ca vertebrae
Lateral - ilium, coccygeus m., levator ani m., and middle gluteal m.
Cranial - Pelvic inlet
Caudal - Pelvic outlet
T or F:
The pelvic cavity contains the rectum, urethra, vagina and part of the vestibule, and the prostate
False!
Unless it's some crazy hermaphrodite! Males have male parts and females have female parts in their respective pelvic cavities (both have rectum and urethra)
T or F:
The pelvic cavity is the caudal continuation of the abdominal cavity.
True!
The pelvic cavity is lined with transversalis fascia and peritoneum just like the abdominal cavity.
What are the four caudal peritoneal reflections?
Pararectal fossa
Rectogenital pouch
Vesicogenital pouch
Pubovesical pouch
What does the prefix "vesico" refer to?
The urinary bladder
Identify the peritoneal reflections
A - Pubovesical pouch
B - Vesicogenital pouch
C - Rectogenital pouch
D - Pararectal fossa
What are the surface boundaries of the pelvic outlet in the dog?
Dorsal - tail/anus
Ventral - dorsal aspect of vulva/scrotum
Lateral - ischiatic tuberosity
What are the deep boundaries of the pelvic outlet?
Dorsal - Ca 3
Ventral - Ischial arch
Lateral - Sacrotuberous ligament
T or F:
A is female and B is male
True!
T or F:
The ischiorectal fossa is a peritoneal reflection that commonly fills with fat in obese animals.
False, actually!
The ischiorectal fossa isn't a peritoneal reflection but it does fill with fat!
What are the boundaries of the ischiorectal fossa?
Lateral - superficial gluteal m. and sacrotuberous ligament
Medial - coccygeus m.
What vessels and nerves are found within the ischiorectal fossa?
Caudal gluteal vessels
Internal pudendal vessels
Pudendal n.
What is formed by the levator ani and coccygeus mm.? What is the function of this structure?
Pelvic diaphragm
NOT a contraceptive; this aids in expelling pelvic contents (feces, fetuses, or whatever is up there). It also holds viscera in place and depresses the tail
Rekonize n' identifizzle!
A - coccygeus m.
B - levator ani m.
What is the caudal extent of levator ani and coccygeus mm.?
Levator ani m. - Ca3-Ca7
Coccygeus m. - Ca2-Ca4/5
Identify the pelvic nerves
A - Hypogastric nn.
B - Pelvic nn.
C - Pudendal n.
D - Pelvic plexus
T or F:
The hypogastric nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the mesenteric ganglion.
True! The mesenteric ganglion is the last place that sympathetic neurons can synapse.
Which nerves form the pelvic n.?
Ventral brs. of S1, S2, and S3
T or F:
The pelvic nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
True!
Parasympathetic are long pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic
What is the origin of the pudendal n.? What does it innervate?
Origin - ventral brs. of S1, S2, and S3
Innervation - sensory to rectum, reproductive organs, perineal skin
Motor to perineal mm.
What are the branches of the pudendal n.?
Superficial perineal n.
Deep perineal n.
Caudal rectal n.
Dorsal n. of penis/clitoris (pudendal continuation)
Identify
A - Internal iliac a.
B - Caudal gluteal a.
C - Internal pudendal a.
D - Umbilical a.
E - Cranial vesical a.
What are the main branches of the pudendal a. in the female? In the male?
Vaginal/Prostatic a.
Ventral perineal a.
Artery of the clitoris/penis
T or F:
Both the uterine a. and the middle rectal a. arise from the vaginal a.
True!
The artery of the ductus deferens is the analogue in the male, arising from the prostatic a.
What provides the main blood supply to the uterus?
Um. The uterine a.!
What provides blood to the urinary bladder?
Caudal vesical a.
Cranial vesical a. (if umbilical a. is present)
What structures does the vaginal a. provide blood to?
Vagina
Uterus (horns/body/cervix)
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Ureter
Rectum
To which structures does the prostate a. provide blood?
Prostate
Ductus deferens
Epididymis
Urinary bladder
Urethra (pelvic)
Ureter
Rectum
What are the three regions of the urinary bladder?
Apex
Body
Neck
Which structures form the trigone? On what side of the bladder is it located?
Urethral orifices
Entrance to the urethra
Dorsally located
T or F:
The urethra is completely surrounded by skeletal muscle in females.
True!
The female urethra is completely surrounded by skeletal muscle. However, only the pelvic region of the male urethra is; the urethra in the penis has no muscle.
What muscle surrounds the urinary bladder? How many layers?
Smooth muscle
3 layers
What innervates the Urethralis m.?
Pudendal n.
What innervates the urinary bladder?
Hypogastric n., pelvic n., pudendal n.
T or F
The urinary bladder receives sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory innervation.
True!
Like most viscera, the urinary bladder has innervation from these three nerve types.
Which nerves share an origin of spinal nerves S1 to S3?
Pelvic and pudendal nn.
What is the main blood supply to the urinary bladder?
Caudal vesical a. (branch of prostatic/vaginal)
Cranial vesical a. (branch of umbilical) can also play a part
What are the two portions of the urethra in males?
Pelvic (has urethral m.)
Penile (spongy; no muscle)
What are the four accessory sex glands?
Prostate
Ampullary
Bulbourethral
Vesicular glands
What structure prevents urine from entering the urethra during copulation?
Colliculus seminalis

How many openings are there from the prostate into the urethra?

A lot


This is why prostate removal is hard!

What are functions of sex gland secretions?

Adds volume to ejaculate
Provides vehicle for sperm
Sperm food
Buffer that neutralizes the high urine pH and low pH from sperm metabolism
Prostaglandans cause female smooth muscle contraction

T or F:
A dog has a long pre-prostatic urethra while a cat has a short pre-prostatic urethra
False!
It's the opposite - dogs are short and cats are long

What surgery is commonly done to prevent urinary blockage in male cats and what sex gland is a landmark for this?

PU (Perineal urethrostomy)
Bulbourethral glands are the landmark
What are the borders of the rectum?
Begins at pelvic inlet and ends at Ca2-Ca3 vertebrae

What are the three regions of the anal canal? Which region do the anal sacs open into?

Columnar zone
Intermediate zone
Cutaneous zone - anal sacs open into here
T or F:
Anal sacs and anal glands are synonymous.
FALSE and don't you forget it!
Anal glands are within the anal sacs.
Identify:
A - Internal anal sphincter
B - Anal Sac
C - External anal sphincter
D - Levator ani m.
E - Coccygeus m.
F - Pararectal fossa

T or F:
The striated muscle of the external anal sphincter is innervated by branches of the pudendal nerve.

True!
The caudal rectal n. branches off the pudendal n. to innervate the external anal sphincter

T or F:
The rectocyccygeus m. is skeletal muscle continuous with the external anal sphincter.

False!
It is smooth muscle continuous with the rectum.
T or F:
Lymph from abdominal organs drains into the cisterna chyli before entering the thoracic duct and continuing cranially.
True!

What pelvic structures drain into the iliosacral lymphocenter?

colon, rectum, anus, vagina, vulva, testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, vaginal process, prostate, ureter, bladder, superficial inguinal, left colic, sacral, and hypogastric lnn