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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the fascial (annular) ligaments of the equine thoracic digits?
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Palmar annular ligament
Proximal digital annular ligament Distal digital annular ligament |
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What are the distal sesamoidean ligaments of the proximal sesamoid in the equine thoracic digits?
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Straight sesamoidean ligament
Oblique sesamoidean ligament Cruciate sesamoidean ligament |
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T or F:
The fetlock is normally hyperextended. |
True
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Which ligament groups comprise the suspensory apparatus of the equine fetlock?
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Interosseus
Intersesamoidean (palmar) ligament Distal sesamoidean ligaments of the proximal sesamoids (also proximal sesamoids even though they aren't ligaments) |
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What structure runs in the groove formed on the palmar surface of the intersesamoidean ligament?
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Tendon of deep digital flexor
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What are the ligaments of the fetlock joint?
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Collateral ligaments (deep and superficial)
Collateral sesamoidean ligaments |
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What are the ligaments of the pastern joint?
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Collateral ligaments
Palmar ligaments |
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What are the ligaments of the coffin joint?
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Collateral ligaments
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What bone(s) does the distal sesamoid contact?
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Distal and middle phalanges of digit III
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Which ligaments form a suspensory apparatus for the navicular bone?
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Collateral distal sesamoidean ligaments
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What holds the distal sesamoid to the distal phalanx?
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Distal sesamoidean ligament (of the distal sesamoid)
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What condition involves ossified collateral hoof cartilages?
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Sidebones
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What are the parts of the wall?
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Toe
Quarter Heel |
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Where are nails driven in shoeing a horse?
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Just inside white line
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Which equine structure makes the first contact with the ground?
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The frog
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T or F:
The equid sole shouldn't bear weight. |
True!
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What holds the frog in place?
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The frog stay
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In the equid hoof capsule, how many primary laminae? Secondary laminae?
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600; 100
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What is the junction between the hoof and skin?
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Coronet
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What is the soft part of the hoof just distal to the coronet?
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Periople
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What are the inward folds of the wall called?
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Bars
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Which quarter is steeper, medial or lateral?
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Medial
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Which structures are involved in preventing venous pooling in the horse limb?
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Digital cushion
Collateral hoof cartilages |
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Which limbs bear more weight in the horse, front or rear?
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Front bears 55 to 60%
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A horse keeps his head down when the left front hoof hits the ground but picks it up when the right front hits the ground. Where is he lame?
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On the right front.
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A horse puts his head down when the left rear limb hits the ground but picks it back up when the right rear hits the ground. Where is he lame?
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Left rear.
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Describe the components of the passive stay apparatus in the pastern joint.
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Overextension prevented by palmar ligaments, straight sesamoidean lig., and DDF
Buckling over prevented by SDF |
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Describe the components of the passive stay apparatus in the fetlock joint.
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Overextension prevented by suspensory apparatus, SDF, DDF, check ligs.
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Describe the components of the passive stay apparatus in the carpus.
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"square bones" (carpals) and palmar carpal ligament prevent overextension
Flexion prevented by lacertus fibrosus and extensor carpi radialis |
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Describe the components of the passive stay apparatus in the elbow.
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Flexion prevented by SDF and eccentricly placed collateral ligs
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Describe the components of the passive stay apparatus in the shoulder joint.
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Flexion prevented by biceps brachii tendon
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What ligament binds the ruminant digits together?
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Distal interdigital ligament
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T or F:
The bars are the first part of the ruminant foot to hit the ground. |
False!
Ruminants have no bars OR frogs. Perhaps its the bulb that hits the ground first... |
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Which nerves make up the brachial plexus in the horse and ox? The sheep and goat?
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Ventral brs. of C6-T2 spinal nn.
C6-T1 in sheep and goats. |
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What innervates the pectoralis muscles in the horse?
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Cranial and caudal pectoral nn.
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What does the thoracodorsal n. innervate?
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Latissimus dorsi mm.
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T or F:
The lateral thoracic nerve innervates the serratus ventralis mm. |
False, bitch!
This is the long thoracic! The lateral thoracic innervates cutaneous trunci m. |
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OK what does the good ship SS MARMU stand for?
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Suprascapular
Subscapular Musculocutaneous Axillary Radial Median Ulnar |
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Which muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?
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Supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm.
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What is the cutaneous area of the suprascapular n.? Which branch provides cutaneous innervation?
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NO CUTANEOUS AREA DUMB
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Suprascapular paralysis is known as...
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...Sweeney
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What innervates the subscapularis muscle?
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Subscapular n.
Axillary n. (caudal part) |
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What makes up the ansa axillaris?
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Median and musculotaneous nn.
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What are the three branches of musculocutaneous n.?
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Proximal muscular br.
Distal muscular br. Medial cutaneous antebracheal br. |
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Which muscles are innervated by the muscular branches of musculocutaneous?
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Coracobrachialis
Brachialis Biceps brachii |
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What is the autonomous zone of the musculocutaneous nerve? Which branch provides cutaneous innervation?
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Dorsal-medial aspect of manus
Medial cutaneous antebrachial n. |
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What structure does the medial cutaneous antebrachial n. course over?
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Lacertus fibrosus
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What does the axillary nerve innervate medially?
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Teres major and subscapularis
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What does the axillary nerve innervate laterally?
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Deltoideus, cleidobrachialis, and teres minor
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What are the cutaneous branches of the axillary nerve?
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Cranial lateral cutaneous brachial
Cranial cutaneous antebrachial |
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Which muscles does the radial nerve innervate?
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Anconeus, Triceps Brachii, Tensor fasciae antibrachii
Also extensors of carpus and digits |
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What are the branches of the radial nerve?
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Deep brs.
Lateral cutaneous antebrachial br. |
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What do the deep brs. of the radial n. innervate?
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Extensors of carpus and digits
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What are symptoms of high radial nerve damage?
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Inability to bear weight
dropped elbow hoof rests on dorsum |
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What are symptoms of low radial nerve damage?
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Able to bear weight
Difficulty on uneven ground |
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Which thoracic limb nerve runs with the brachial artery?
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Median n.
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Which muscles are innervated by the median nerve?
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Flexor carpi radialis
DDF (humoral and radial heads) SDF (ruminant) Pronator teres (ruminant) Ext. Carpi Ulnaris (ruminant) |
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What are the initial sensory branches of the median nerve (right after the muscular branches come off)?
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Medial and lateral palmar nn.
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What do the medial and lateral palmar nn. course next to?
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Medial and lateral to the flexor tendons
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Which branch of the median nerve gives rise to the palmar metacarpal nn?
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The lateral palmar n. gives rise to a deep br. from which arise the palmar metacarpal nn.
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At the fetlock, the medial and lateral palmar nerves become...
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...the medial and lateral palmar digital nn.
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T or F:
There is a communicating branch between the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves. |
False!
The communicating branch is before the fetlock, thus the nerves are the medial and lateral palmar nerves. |
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What does the ulnar nerve divide into proximal to the carpus?
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Dorsal and palmar brs.
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What muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?
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Flexor carpi ulnaris
DDF (ulnar head) SDF Interosseus |
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What is the cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve?
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Caudal cutaneous antebrachial
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What are the autonomous zones of the ulnar nerve?
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Medial and lateral Caudal aspect of the antebrachium
Dorso-lateral aspect of the manus |
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What is the autonomous zone of the median nerve?
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Medial aspect of the digit
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Which branch of the ulnar nerve joins the lateral palmar nerve?
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Palmar br.
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What does the heel block anesthetize (nerves and area)?
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Palmar digital nn. (median);
blocks palmar 1/3 of foot (heels) |
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Where is the heel block performed?
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Midway btw. fetlock and coronet just palmar to palmar digital v. and a.
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Which nerve block desensitizes the entire foot?
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Abaxial sesamoidean nerve block
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Where do you perform the abaxial sesamoidean nerve block?
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At the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoids, dumb.
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What nerves does the abaxial sesamoidean nerve block anesthetize?
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palmar digital nerves including dorsal brs.
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Which nerve block gets the fetlock and everything distal?
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Low palmar block (4-point block)
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Where is the low 4-point block performed?
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Btw. interosseus and DDF tendon
Btw. interosseus and splint bone |
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Which nerves does the low palmar block anesthetize?
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Medial and lateral palmar nn.
Palmar metacarpal nn. |
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What block anesthetizes the metacarpal region and everything distally?
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High palmar block
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Which nerves does the high palmar block anesthetize?
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Lateral and medial palmar nn.
Palmar metacarpal nn. |
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Where is the high palmar block performed?
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Btw. interosseus and DDF medially and laterally
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What runs in the carpal canal in the horse?
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SDF tendon
DDF tendon medial palmar a. & n. |
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What runs in the carpal canal in the ruminant?
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Deep part of SDF tendon
DDF tendon Median a., v., and n. Palmar br. of ulnar n. |
