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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T or F: |
True |
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T or F
B. abortus is an extracellular pathogen. |
False - intracellular
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T or F:
Humoral immunity provides protection against B. abortus-induced abortion. |
True
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T or F:
B. abortus can penetrate intact mucosa and skin. |
False. Just mucosa.
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T or F:
Brucella is pretty much the most infectious organism ever. |
Yup
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding Brucella? |
b. highly motile
Brucella is NON MOTILE |
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How is Brucella shed?
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Via urine or milk
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T or F:
All Brucella spp. have two chromosomes. |
False!
All do EXCEPT for B. suis (B. suis chromosome hasn't split yet) |
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What are the three mechanisms of abortion due to Brucellosis?
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Interfere w/fetal circulation
Endotoxin Fetal stress |
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When does B. abortus cause abortions in cattle? In swine? In dogs?
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Cattle - 5th month of gestation
Swine - any time Dogs - 50d |
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What 3 things (virulence factors) does Brucella need to establish infection via the GI tract?
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Urease
Bile Salt Hydrolase LPS |
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T or F:
Brucella is one of the only species that can successfully live within the lysosome of a macrophage. |
False! It prevents lysosomal fusion with phagosome. Coxiella lives in the lysosome. |
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How does Brucella survive in the macrophage? |
Prevents phagosome fusion w/lysosome. |
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What are important humoral components against Brucella infection? How 'bout cell-mediated components? which one matters more? |
Humoral - IgM & IgG
CMI matters more |
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T or F: |
False! |
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How is Brucellosis treated in cows? In dogs?
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Cows - culling
Dogs - tetracyclene |
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T or F: |
Tru!
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What are reservoirs and vectors of Tularemia? |
Reservoirs - rodents and lagamorphs |
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What are the three subspecies of Tularemia? |
Francisella tularensis tularensis (type A, found in Amurica) |
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What are the virulence factors of Francisella? |
Phase variation of LPS
Capsule Type IV pili |
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T or F:
Cats can be a vector for Francisella tularensis? |
True! |
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What hosts are susceptible to F. tularensis?
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Broad host specificity
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The oral infectious dose of F. tularensis is much higher/lower than the intradermal infectious dose.
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oral ID is much higher. about 10^7 higer dose is necessary when ingested!
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Contrast how Francisella lives in the macrophage vs. how Brucella lives in the macrophage.
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Francisella escapes the phagosome while Brucella lives within the phagosome. |
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T or F:
Nitrogen Monoxide is important in phagosome escape by Francisella. |
False! NO is important in host defense. Phospholipases help Francisella escape the phagosome! |
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What are treatments for Tularemia?
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Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones Tetracyclenes |
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This Gram negative, curved rod is an ENERGY PARASITE!
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No, it's not your old boyfriend....it's Lawsonia intercellularis |
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What is the host specificity for Lawsonia intercellularis? How about other Lawsonia?
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L. intercellularis > mostly infects pigs |
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What diseases does the chronic form of Lawsonia intercellularis infection cause? What signs characterize these diseases? what age of pig gets it? |
Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (PPE)
young. weird, I know |
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What disease does the acute form of Lawsonia intercellularis infection cause? What are signs of this?
what age of pig gets the acute form? |
Proliferative Hemorrhagic Enteropathy (PHE); bloody diarrhea and abortion
weirdly, older pigs get the acute form while younger ones get the chronic |
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Where in the cytoplasm does Lawsonia intercellularis inhabit in vivo? |
In vivo --> luminal side of intestinal crypts |
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What disease does Lawsonia cause in hampsters?
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Wet tail |
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What happens to microflora negative pigs experimentally infected with Lawsonia? What is the significance of this?
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NO LESIONS! |
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What is the morphology, reservoir, and vector for Bartonella?
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Gram neg, pleiomorphic bacillus/coccobaccilus; |
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T or F:
Lawsonia vaccine in swine decreases shedding of the organism. |
True!
It also decreases antibiotic use. |
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What specific growth requirement do Bartonella spp. have?
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Hemin! Need chocolate agar!
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What is the main Bartonella species infecting cats?
What is the vector, definitive, and accidental host? |
B. henselae
Flea vector definitive host > cat accidental host > human |
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Bartonella henselae infection in cats leads to increased incidences of .......(4 things)?
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Gingivitis
Lymphadenopathy Stomatitis Renal/Urinary Tract abnormalities |
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What type-4 secretion systems are present in Bartonella? What is the function of each?
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TRW - mediates RBC adhesion
VirB - mediates endothelial adhesion |
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How do Bartonella enter the endothelial cells?
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Bartonella binds to endothelial cell > injects Bep proteins > activates actin filaments > Bartonella aggregates form > aggregate is endocytosed |
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T or F: |
True!
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What aspect of flea infestation is linked to Bartonella infection? |
Flea feces (no feces, no Bartonella) |
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T or F:
More years of practice with cats positively correlates with increased seropositive Bartonella test in humans. |
True
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T or F:
The Bartonella vaccine only reduces shedding of the organism. |
False! There is NO BARTONELLA VACCINE |
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What procedure seems to quell viremia in Bartonella seropositive cats?
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Spay/neuter
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phytotoxins are toxic to _____ mycotoxins are toxic to _____ |
plants vertebrates |
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how do fungi get food? |
they produce ezoenzymes and absorb nutrients NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
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what's the name for club fungi? sac fungi? conjugation fungi? the leftovers? |
basidiomycota ascomycota zygomyctoa (are when hyphae meet) deuteromycota--no sexual form found |
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molds are what form of fungus? yeast? |
molds--hyphae yeast--budding |
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what is the principle sterol in fungi plasma membranes? |
ergosterol |
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what oxygen environment do yeast prefer? |
aerobically, but can do anaerobic if need be |
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what fungus is responsible for white nose syndrome? how do you treat it? |
geomyces destructans can't treat it |
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define mycoses define mycotoxicoses |
disease resulting from infection of fungi intoxication from ingesting a mycotoxin |
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what is the main portal of entry for fungi? |
respiratory tract or broken skin |
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name the 3 layers of infection of mycoses |
superficial subcutaneous systemic |
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what types of hosts are most susceptible to opportunistic mycoses? |
immune compromised ones recently treated with antibiotcs |
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are mycotoxins primary or secondary metabolites of fungal species? |
secondary
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true or false: mycotoxins are antigenic |
false, we can't mount an immune response to them |
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true or false: if your cow has mycotoxicoses you dont have to worry about your dog getting it |
true, its not horizontal spread. unless your dog eats cow feed |
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what does amphotericin B do? when do you use it? |
targets ergosterol, forms a pore, causing K+ leakage
use it when you need to be aggressive because it can be lethal |
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what are azoles? |
antifungal that screws with p450, cause production of "bad" ergosterol |
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what is griseofulvin? what's the catch of this guy? |
antifungal that screws with mitosis (binds to microtubules)
takes longer to act |
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what are the two most common species of ringworm? |
microsporum trichophyton |
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clinical signs of dermatophytoses? |
alopecia epidermal hyperplasia secondary bacterial infections |
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does the host build antibodies against ringworm? |
yes, locally. to the FUNGUS (no mycotoxins) however overall humoral imunity sucks |
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what's a dimorphic fungi? |
fungi that occur are found in both mold and yeast form
are a mold in the environment are a yeast in animal tissues |
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where is blastomycoses found? pathognesis? |
found in ohio river and missisippi valley dogs inhale it and it becomes a yeast in the lungs, causes pulmonary disease |
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where is histoplasmosis found? how do animals get it? symptoms? what happens if its disseminated? |
mississippi and ohio river valleys dogs and cats get it from inhalation, it lives in the soil
most animals are asymptomatic if it becomes disseminated then its fatal |
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where is coccidimycosis found? does it have another name? symptoms? what signalment gets it? |
found in new mexico/san juaquin valley also called valley fever
goes for young large breed dogs, exposed by inhalation
symptoms: cough, fever, inappetance but can progress to LAMENESS AND BONE DESTRUCTION |
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where is crytpococcus found? how does it get in and what animals does it target? what are their symptoms and how do they vary? |
found in soil and pigeon poop, especially on vancouver island
dogs and cats
cats--sneezing, nasal discharge, can go to CNS dogs--mostly CNS problems
this guy also likes to go in through the skin and cause skin issues |
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what fungus is a commensal on skin near oily arease? |
malassezia pachydermatis |
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what pathologies does malassezia pachydermatis cause? details. |
otitis externa--has proteolytic enzymes that damage ear canal seborrhoeic dermatitis--animals with hypersensitivity reactions and immunsuppression get itching, erythema, foul smelling exudate |
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what fungus causes aflatoxicosis? what is the toxin and why do we care? |
aspergillus B1--most potent natural carcinogen known, human health threat |
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where does b1 toxin do its dirty business? and what is that business? |
liver, is an epoxide that binds to DNA and causes p53 mutation |
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what species are susceptible to aflatoxicosis? |
calves, dogs, small farm animals, humans adult large animals are resistant |
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what is the toxin of mycoestrogenosim? who produces it? what does it do? |
zearalenon, produced by fusariam graminearum
causes vuluvar edema and mammary hypertrophy in pigs
causes infertility in ruminants |
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what two toxins causes trichothecene toxicoses? |
vomitoxin (DON) and DAS/T-2 toxin |
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who makes vomitoxin and what does the toxin do? who does it affect? |
fusarium graminearum causes vomiting and food refusla pigs and dogs |
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what does DAS/T2 toxin cause and in who? |
causes hemorrhage and necrotic lesions affects cattle, pigs, poultry |
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what are the three toxins that fusarium graminearum produces? |
vomitoxin DAS/t2 zearalenon |
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what fungus is responsible for ergot poisoning? |
claviceps purprea |
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what are the two mechanisms of ergot poisoning? |
a-adrenergic receptor-->smooth muscle contraction, causing convulsions and necrosis of extremities
dopamine agonist-->inhibits prolactin secretion, causes poor mammary development and poor baby growth |
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what is fescue infected with? what does that do? |
neotyphodium coenophialum
increases plant resistance also increases ergot content in the plants |
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what does fescue toxicosis cause? |
same as ergot alkaloids: a adrenergic agonism and dopamine agonism |
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what does fescue toxicosis cause in the summer? in the winter? |
summer: summer slump, heat intolerance, difficulty gaining weight, reproductive difficulty
winter: fescue foot, necrosis, gangrene, have to euthanize |
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what do ergots get metabolzid to? |
ergovaline and lysergic acid |
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what is perennial ryegrass infected with and what does it produce? |
neotyphodium lolii, produces loliterm B |
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you feed your sheep some perennial ryegrass and suddenly the animal can't get up. what's the mycotoxin and whats the mechanism?
btw whats the colloquial name for this condition? |
loliterm B, works on calcium-activated POTASSIUM channels
staggers |
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what pathogen causes q fever? |
coxiella burnetti |
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what is one of the most infectious organisms of all--just inhalation of ONE organism can cause disease
why do we care? |
coxiella burnetti
bioterorrism agent |
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what organism is pretty resistant to antibiotics, lives in MATURE lysosomes of phagocytic cells, and causes endocarditis and fever? |
coxiella burnetti |
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what type of cells do ehrlichea infect? where in them does it live? |
monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils lives in a vacuole called a morula |
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true or false: ehrlichea, neorickettsia, and anaplasma can be transmitted horizontally |
false, they're all insect vectors |
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what does anaplasma marginale cause, in what species, and how is it transmitted? in what cell does it live? |
causes bovine anaplasmosis, transmitted by ticks
lives in RBCS |
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where is anaplasma marginale found? what symptoms does it cause in its host? |
in warmer climates causes anemia, jaundice, weight loss |
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what causes salmon poisoning? |
neorickettsia helminthocoeca
NOT NANOPHYEUS, WHICH IS THE FLUKE |
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what conditions in dogs can erhlichia cause? |
canine monocytic erlichiosis canine granulocytic erlichiosis canine thrmobocytopenia |
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what causes potomac horse fever and how is it transmitted? |
neorickettsia risticii, through flukes, in caddis flies |
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what pathogen causes heartwater? |
ehrlichea ruminatium |
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how is heartwater transmitted? what does it cause in cows? where is it in the world? |
transmitted by a tick causes damage to vascular endothelium--especially those in the brain it's not in the US, is in the carribean and africa |
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true or false: acidification is required for the secretion of brucella antigens? |
true |
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what is the most dominant microbe in the intestinal tract? |
bacteriodies |
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what does bacteriodes fragilis cause? |
neonatal diarrhea in farm animals abortions in cows abcesses in cats and dogs |
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where do bacteriodes fragilis like to form abscesses? |
in the gut--form diverticula in the intestines in the cheek, from "clenched fist disease" from a tooth going through the cheek |
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are bacteriodes fragilis commensal organisms? |
YES. |
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what bug causes footrot? |
dichelobactor nodosus |
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what are dichelobactor nodus' virulence factors? |
type 4 pili, extracellular proteases, pathogenicity islands |
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what kind of motility do the type 4 fimbriae of dichelobactor nodusus have?
what gene encodes it? |
twisting fimA gene |
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name three processes that fusobacterium necrophorm causes? what kind of bug is it? |
liver abcesses footrot mastitis
gram negative anaerobe |
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true or false: bartonella is an obligate intracellular gram negative anaerobe |
false, gram negative facultative intracellular aerobe |
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what cells do bartonella live in? why? what other cell types? |
live in RBCs need hemin to grow
also can live in endothelial cells |
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how is a lot of bartonella transmitted? |
fleas. think about the fact that they live in rbcs, makes sense no? |
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name 4 diseases caused by bartonella in HUMANS |
carrions disease/bartonellamatosis trench fever cat scratch fever bacilliary angiomatosis (endocarditis if you really want to be an over-achiever) |
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what happens in bacilliary angiomatosis and who is it common in? |
get an angioma--bacteria creates more cells for it to live in, common in HIV patients |
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what is the species responsible for cat scratch fever? how do cats get it? |
bartonella henselae flea feces |
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whats the biggest way to prevent cat scratch fever? |
flea prevention! |
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what pathogen causes rocky mountain spotted fever? |
rickettsia ricketsi |
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in what cells do rickettsia ricketsi live in and how do they get around? |
live in endothelial cells (hence the patechiae) and use actin tails |
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true or false: if you suspect rocky mountain spotted fever, you should run some tests. |
EFF. THAT. TREAT RIGHT AWAY |
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what two ticks are responsible for rocky mounted spotted fever? |
dermacentor variablis dermacentor andersoni |
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what is the bacteria responsible for epidemic typhus? |
rickettsia prowazekii |
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what is the vector for epidemic typhus? how is it passed? |
r. prowazekii is passed by a human louse, shed in feces |
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two bacteria are passed by arthropod feces. what are they? diseases that they cause? |
bortonella henselae--cat scratch fever r. prowazekii--endemic typhus |
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what is the reservoir host for endemic typhus? |
rat, getting bitten by fleas |
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all chlamydia have _____ which is very helpful for |
LPS |
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what pathogen causes abortion storms in sheep? specifically which sheep? what's the fancy name for it? |
chlamydia abortus in first-pregnant sheep
enzootic abortion of ewes |
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when does abortion in ewes happen if they're infected with chlamydia abortus early in the pregnancy? late? |
same time--the last 2-3 weeks |
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true or false: pregnant women and ewes with chlamydia abortus are best friends |
you're F**ing kidding me, right? |
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arthritis/serositis caused by chlamydia, caused by which one? |
chlamydia pecorum? |
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chlamydia felis causes what in who? |
severe conjunctivitis and respiratory infections in cats |
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what chlamydial organism are you concerned about with parrots? how do you get infected by it? what does it cause? |
c. pstiacci get it from inhalation of bird droppings pneumonia, pericarditis, conjunctivitis |
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what two chlamydial strains infect |
c. pnuemonia and c. pecorum |
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what do chlamydial infections cause in koala? |
conjunctivitis/blindness pneumonia uti's female infertility |
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what chlamydia grows on the gills of seabss? |
piscichlamydia? |
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what's the chlamydia that causes the human STI trachoma and reiters syndrome (arthritis)? name two other human chlamydia |
c. trachomatis
c. pneumonia c. psittacia |
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what are the 3 protein-involved actions chlamydia does for its pathogensis? |
1. secretes a protein to get into the cell 2. makes protein to line the vacuole 3. secretes proteins into the cytoplasm of the cell |
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whats the name of the protein chlamydia secretes into the cell cytoplasm to tell it to STFU? what about the one that lines the vacuole? |
CPAF--cytoplasm one inclusion membrane proteins |
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how does vaccination with chlamydia affect colonization? just like who? |
it doesnt, they colonize just the same. just like brucella |
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what happens if you stress a chlamydia out? |
they go into their aberrant form, which makes the immune system go hay-wire |
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true or false: chlamydia is pretty much the only intracellular organism that demostrates antibiotic resistance |
true! silly pigs being fed fish |
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what is different about the chlamydia found in pigs? |
has an efflux pump for antibiotic resistance |
