Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What provides collateral circulation around a celiac trunk thrombosis/blockage?
|
Right and Left Pancreaticduodenal arteries
|
|
|
|
PCOS is associated with which aneurysms?
|
Berry aneurysms
|
|
|
|
Lungs collapsed or distended alveoli with fibrin-rich hyaline membranes following surgery
|
ARDS (Diffuse Alveolar Damage)
|
|
|
|
Causes of ARDS
|
Septic shock, trauma, uremia, gastric aspiration, inhalation of chemical irritants, oxygen toxicity, Mycoplasma infection, and SARS
|
|
|
|
Rubbery, well-encapsulated, freely movable mass in breast of a 20 yo woman
|
Fibroadenoma (benign mass found in women younger than 25)
|
|
|
|
Aortic diastolic murmur, "water-hammer" pulse, wide pulse pressure
|
Aortic valve insufficiency (usually caused by tertiary syphilis), usually accompanied by aneurysm of the ascending aorta
|
|
|
|
Temporal arteritis
|
Jaw pain, headache, and elevated ESR
|
|
|
|
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
|
Auto dom, usually involves ventiruclar septum which protrudes and blocks left ventricular outflow tract
|
|
|
|
Most common cause of death in the first few hours after an MI
|
Arrhythmia
|
|
|
|
When do the first morphological myocardial changes and serum myocardial marker proteins appear?
|
Often delayed for several hours after MI (CK-MB and cTN-I elevated at about 6 hours and peak at 10-15 hrs)
|
|
|
|
When after an MI (in terms of time) is one most likely to have cardiac rupture -> hemipericardium and tamponade?
|
Days 4-10 after MI
|
|
|
|
Aschoff bodies
|
found in heart as part of Rheumatic Fever
|
|
|
|
Reversible changes with necrosis
|
fatty change, cell blebs, myelin figures, swelling of cell or organelles
|
|
|
|
Irreversible changes with necrosis
|
Nuclear pyknosis, karryohexis, karyolysis
|
|
|
|
Malignant HTN
|
severe HTN, left ventricular hypertrophy/failure, papilledema, and renal dysfunction (renal arteriolar lesion of malignant nephrosclerosis and necrotizing glomerular lesion -> "flea-bitten" kidney with petechial hemorrhages on the kidney surface
|
|
|
|
progressive somnolence -> metabolic acidosis (low bicard with AG), coma, and dehydration, often with prerenal azotemia
|
Diabetic ketoacidosis
|
Expect increased serum and urine glucose and ketones
|
|
|
Fat embolism
|
occurs 2-3 days after fracture and can have CNS and respiratory effects (due to pulmonary microvessels leaking fluid -> ARDS) - THROMBOCYTOPENIA WITH PETECHIAL HEMORRHAGES is common
|
|
|
|
Congenital pyloric stenosis
|
obstruction of gastric outlet due to hypertrophy of pyloric muscularis, often perceived as palpable mass (more common in boys) - PRINCIPLE CLINICAL FEATURE = projectile vomitting during first two weeks of life
|
|
|
|
VIPoma
|
Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, Achlorhydria (WDHA syndrome, also called Verner-Morrison syndrome)
|
|
|
|
Endocrine disorders causing hyperglycemia
|
Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
|
Weakeness, weight loss, and anorexia, with hypotension and hyperpigmentation of skin, lips, and buccal mucosa
|
Addison's disease
|
|
|
|
Aniline dyes (ex. beta-napthylamine) associated with which cancer?
|
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
|
|
|
|
Aflatoxin B1
|
HCC
|
|
|
|
Diethylstillbesterol (exposure in utero)
|
Clear cell carcinoma of the vagina
|
|
|
|
Ionizing radiation
|
Leukemias, breast cancer, and thyroid maligancies
|
|
|
|
What is the most important factor in pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma?
|
Estrogen stimulation (estrogen therapy or estrogen secreting tumors); obesity (and associated DM and HTN) can also contribute via estrogen synthesis in adipocytes
|
|
|
|
Arsenic exposure
|
Carcinomas of the lung and skin with hepatic hemangiosarcoma
|
|
|
|
BRCA mutations
|
Breast and ovarian cancer
|
|
|
|
Risk factor for colon cancer
|
Diet low in fiber and high in fat
|
|
|
|
Cancers associated with asbestos exposure
|
Mesothelioma, brochongenic carcinoma
|
|
|
|
Oligohydroamnios
|
Decreased volume of amniotic fluid due to lack of fetal urine (renal agenesis) -> distorted facies and pulmonary hypoplasia (called the Potter progression)
|
|
|
|
Von Hippel Lindau disease
|
AD with multiple vascular tumors, multiple cysts of liver, kidney, and pancreas (renal cysts have malignant potential and retinal and CNS hemgioblastoma and pheochromocytomas are common)
|
|
|
|
Defect in sphingomyelinase
|
Niemann-Pick disease
|
|
|
|
Whipple Disease
|
periodic acid Schiff positive Macs within affected organs (infection is from Tropheryma whippeli) - can be treated, but un-Tx -> progresses to death
|
|
|
|
GI disorder characterized morphologically by superficial mucosal erosions with overlying necrotic, loosley adherent mucosal debris
|
PMC (C. diff.) - organisms remain intaluminally but secrete an enterotoxin
|
|
|
|
Clear vaculosed in liver that displace nuclei to the periphery is characteristic of?
|
Steatosis (fatty change), can also be water or glycogen accumulation (though less likely)
|
|
|
|
Wilson's disease - neurological findings
|
deposition of copper in lenticular nuclei
|
|
|
|
Courvoisier sign
|
Palpable gallbladder with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
|
|
|
|
Protein-calorie malnutrition
|
Kwashiokor - cannot make apolipoproteins causing heaptic fatty change
|
|
|
|
Total-calorie malnutrition
|
Marasmus - more severe than kwashiokor
|
|
|
|
Diverticulitis
|
General lower abdominal pain, bloody stool, signs of acute inflammation in older patients usually
|
|
|
|
Menetrier's Disease
|
giant hypertrophic gastritis, extremely large gastric rugae, severe loss of plasma proteins from altered mucosa, and increased risk of stomach cancer
|
|
|
|
Alcoholic hepatitis
|
fatty change, focal liver cell necrosis, neutrophil infiltrates, and intracytoplasmic hyaline inclusions (Mallory bodies); clinically present as low-grade fever, jaundice, hepatomegaly, leukocytosis, and abnormal LFTs
|
|
|
|
Megaloblastic anemia
|
Macrocytic red cells (increased MCV) and normochromic (normal MCHC)
|
|
|
|
Increased MCHC (hyperchromic)
|
Hereditary spherocytosis
|
|
|
|
Causes of hypochromic erythrocytes
|
Iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and thalaseemias
|
|
|
|
vWF disease
|
Defect in vWF -> defective platelt adhesion -> prolonged bleeding time and APTT also prolonged due to secondary deficiency in Factor VII which circulates/stabilized by vWF
|
|
|
|
Hematological maligancy associated with Down's
|
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
|
|
|
|
Fever and skin rash with numerous small petechial hemorrhages (predominantly lower extremities), platelet count reduced, total white count increased), blood smear and BM aspirate show large # of undiff. blast cells (CD10+)
|
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (associated with Down Syndrome)
|
|
|
|
Mild anemia, blood smear with hypochromia and microcytosis
|
Likely beta-thalassemia
|
|
|
|
How do you tell beta-thalassemia from other causes of hypochromia and microcytosis?
|
Hemaglobin A2 (also characteristic CBC with decreased MCV and only moderately reduced Hb and Hct) - compare this to Fe def which has decreased serum Fe, TIBC increased, and storage iron depleted as given by decreased serum ferritin and absent BM hemosiderin AND anemia of chronic disease where usually an obvious disease is present and there is decreased TIBC
|
|
|
|
Lymphocyte depletion variant of Hodgkin lymphoma
|
few lymphocytes, numerous Reed-Sternberg cells, and extensive necrosis and fibrosis (usually present late and has worst prognosis and is common in HIV+)
|
|
|
|
What type of jaundice is associated with hemolytics anemia?
|
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, not excreted into the urine (acholuric), Hb is markedly decreased with hemolytic anemia and there is marrow erythroid hyperplasia (often manifest as reticulocytosis)
|
|
|
|
Angnogenic (idiopathic) myeloid metaplasia - pathology
|
Extensive non-neoplastic myelofibrosis and extramedullary hematopoiesis causing splenomegaly. Results in tear drop shaped erythrocytes, scattered nucleated cells and granulocyte precursor cells (on peripheral smear). Bone marrow has proliferation of fibrous tissue (myelofibrosis)
|
|
|
|
Agnogenic (idiopathic) myeloid metaplasia - clinical characteristics
|
Anemia, splenomegaly, fatiguability, weight loss, and weakness
|
|
|
|
Megaloblastic erythroid hyperplasia (megaloblastic anemia)
|
Vit. B12 deficiency - Pernicious anemia, strict vegetarians, and surgically induced blind loops that cause bacterial overgrowth with high avidity for B12 (cobalamin)
|
|
|
|
Hypochromic microcytic anemia
|
Iron deficiency anemia (secondary to chronic blood loss) such as hookworm infection (vs. fish tapeworm which cases megaloblastic anemia), anemia of chronic disease (though that is normally normochromic and normocytic)
|
|
|
|
Diffuse demineralization, "punched out" lesions, anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, proteinuria, and NORMAL serum AP
|
Multiple Myeloma
|
|
|
|
Autosplenectomy
|
reduction in spleen size in SCA patient during adulthood due to bouts of splenic infarction and fibrosis that reduce spleen size (children have splenomegaly)
|
|
|
|
What do mono, CML, hereditary spherocytosis, and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (idiopathic myelofibrosis) have in common?
|
All cause splenomegaly (contrast to adults with SCA who have autosplenectomy)
|
|
|
|
Serum Iron and TIBC in Hereditary Hemachromatosis
|
Inc. serum Fe, dec. TIBC
|
|
|
|
CCl4
|
Damages liver via free radicals and causes fatty change and necrosis
|
|
|
|
Appearance of disseminated histoplasmosis (HIV+, hepatosplenomegaly, generalized lymphadenopathy)
|
Widespread dissemination of macs filled with fungal yeast forms
|
|
|
|
Metastatic Calcification
|
Deposition of calcium in in organs and tissues
|
|
|
|
Glomerulonephritis, pleuritis, and Libman-Sacks endocarditis (vegetations on both sides of the MV or TV)
|
SLE - also have diffuse interstial pulmonary fibrosis, and ANAs (Abs to Sm antigen, dsDNA, and Ab in a peripheral rim pattern of nuclear immunofluorescence)
|
|
|
|
What is the difference between C3a and C5a?
|
C3a and C5a are both anaphlotoxins (causing degranulation of mast cells and basophils), but only C5a is chemotactic for neutrophils
|
|
|
|
Hemolytic disease of the newborn - which type of hypersensitivity
|
Type II - reaction of Ab with intrinsic cell surface antigens
|
|
|
|
Absence of Duffy blood group Ag and G6PD deficiency
|
Resistant to malaria
|
|
|
|
What Hepatitis primarily affects pregnant women?
|
Hepatitis E
|
|
|
|
What causes subacute scelrosis panencephalitis?
|
Measles - characterized by progressive motor and mental deterioration, cortical atrophy, loss of white matter, and ventricular enlargement (pathophys: defective measles virus that lacks M component nedded for extracellular spread)
|
|
|
|
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
|
catastrophic complication of meningococcemia with adrenal insufficiency and vascular collapse, hemorrhagic necrosis of adrenal cortex, often associated with DIC
|
|
|
|
Pleural fluid in bacterial PNA
|
Exudative NOT transudate, appears cloudy with neutrophils and dec. glucose, inc. protein/specific gravity
|
|
|
|
Atrophy of muscle has what characteristic cellular change?
|
Autophagic granules - intracytoplasmic vacules with debris from degraded organelles (prominent in atrophic cells such as skeletal muscle)
|
|
|
|
Bone pain with elevation of the periosteum of the bone and areas of "sunburst" appearance
|
Osteosarcoma
|
|
|
|
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
|
Clubbing of the fingers and associated periostitis of the distal radius and ulna associated with chronic lung disease, cyanotic heart diease, and other sys. disorders
|
|
|
|
Complication of Paget's Disease of the bone
|
Osteosarcoma (1% of cases), bone pain, anterolateral bowing of long bones, and high output cardiac failure
|
|
|
|
Felty Syndrome
|
Neutropenia, splenomegaly, and rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
|
von Recklinghausen disease of bone (osteitis fibrosa cystica)
|
widespread osteolytic lesions, manifests as "brown tumor" of bone, cystic spaces that are lined by osteoclasts with fibrous stromas, caused by primary or secondary hyper-PTH
|
|
|
|
Part of the male reproductive tract rarely affected by N. gonorrhea
|
Testes
|
|
|
|
6 mo boy with HTN and large tumor of left adrenal gland, looks like "small round blue cells" with minimal cytoplasm and some cells have pink cytoplasm and nucleoli, VMA in urine is increased
|
Neuroblastoma, can undergo spontaneous differentiation to benign ganglioneuroma (has N-myc amplification), usually are found peripherally in adrenal medulla
|
|
|
|
Pick Disease
|
Symptoms similar to Alzheimer's (confusion, aphasia, etc), but atrophy only involves frontal and temporal lobes rather than diffuse atrophy of AD
|
|
|
|
Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome
|
Degeneration of mamillary bodies and paramedian masses of gray matter with history of progressive dementia, memory loss, and tendency to fabricate false account of events (Korsakoff psychosis), confusion, ataxic gait, and paralysis of eye movements(Wernicke triad) - caused by ethanol abuse causing thiamine deficiency
|
|
|
|
Blurring of vision in right eye, paresthesias, and spasticity with oligoclonal band on CSF electrophoresis, demyelination in paraventricular regions (along with optic nerve and brain stem as favored sites)
|
MS
|
|
|
|
Crescentric region along in skull (hematoma)
|
Subdural hematoma (usually of bridging veins that join cerebral vessels to the venous sinuses in the dura)
|
|
|
|
Lens shaped homogenous density (hematoma)
|
Epidural hematoma (usually the middle meningeal artery and respects suture lines)
|
|
|
|
Most frequent source of subarachnoid hemorrhages
|
Rupture of Berry aneurysm, clinically presents as terrible headache, sever anusea, blood in CSF, diffuse hemorrhage over the surface of the brain on CT
|
|
|
|
Medulloblastoma
|
Highly malignant tumor of childhoos that often affects the posterior cranial fossa
|
|
|
|
Meningioma
|
Benign tumor of the meninges, external to the brain, second most common primary intracranial neoplasm. Has mass effect and symptoms relate to location of tumor.
|
|
|
|
Charcot-Buchard aneurysm
|
Microaneurysms (1mm) arising at the bifurcation of small arteries in the brain parenchyma--occur from long-standing HTN
|
|
|
|
Arnold Chiari Malformation
|
downward displacement of cerebllar tonsils and medulla through foramen magnum, results in pressure atrophy of displaced tissue, causes hydrocephalus (blocks outflow tracks), thoracolumbar meningomyelocele
|
|
|
|
Leukoplakia
|
White, hyperkeratotic membranes due to chronic irritation of the mucosa of the mouth (usually benign but may represent dysplasia or carcinoma in situ)
|
|
|
|
Dystrophic calcification
|
calcification of previously damaged tissue (marked by amorphous basophilic material) in contrast to metastatic calcification (hypercalcemia, non-damaged tissue) and enzymatic fat necrosis
|
|
|
|
Causes of granulomatous inflammation
|
Cat-scratch disease, FB reaction, TB, histoplasmosis
|
|
|
|
Elevated ESR
|
Notable in temporal arteritis and Rheumatoid arthritis, also consider Kawasaki's disease
|
|
|
|
TNF-alpha antibodies can be used to treat?
|
Chron's Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis
|
|
|
|
Prednisone block what?
|
PLA2 - blocks AA formation (can be used to treat SLE and other inflammatory conditions)
|
|
|
|
Lead poisoning
|
Usually children with dark precipitates in gingival margins, radiopaque deposits in epiphyses of bones, and urinary excretion of delata-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA), and basophilic stippling of erhythrocytes, peripheral neuropathy
|
|
|
|
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
|
renal end organ unresponsiveness to PTH and shortened 4th and 5th metacarpals and metatarsals, short stature, other skeletal abnormalities (GNAS1 mutation) - clinical findings mimic hypoparathyroidism but PTH is normal or elevated
|
|
|
|
Linear pattern of glomerular IgG immunofluorescence
|
Abs to Glomerular BM
|
|
|
|
Nephrotic syndrome with glomerular IC deposits
|
Membranous glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
|
How is Membranous glomerulonephritis distinct from amplyoidosis, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, and minimal change disease
|
Membranous glomerulonephritis is the only associated with IC disease
|
|
|
|
Pathognomonic feature of acute pyelonephritis
|
White cell casts
|
|
|
|
What do red cell casts indicate?
|
Glomerular inflammation
|
|
|
|
Membranous glomerulonephritis
|
Thickened glomerular capillary loops on light microscopy, often in young women - associated with nephrotic syndrome and azotemia
|
|
|
|
Complication of chronic use of phenacetin or its metabolite (acetaminophen) or other NSAIDs and aspirin
|
Renal papillary necrosis (also diabetes mellitus and phenacetin is associted with transitonal cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis)
|
|
|
|
Renal changes associated with DIC
|
Thrombotic obliteration of glomerular capillary lopps typical of DIC (APPT, PT and thrombin time prolonged with decreased platelet count and increased fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products)
|
|
|
|
Common cause of secondary renal amyloidosis
|
Rheumatoid arthritis, NOTE: renal amyloidosis is characterized by proteinuria, HTN, edema, and hypoalbuminemia
|
|
|
|
Diabetic nephropathy
|
Marked by diffuse or nodular mesangial accumulations of glycosylated BM-like material
|
|
|
|
Abruptio placenta
|
Common cause of DIC, involves separation of the placenta from the uterine wall prematurely
|
|
|
|
Infectious causes of spontaneous abortion
|
Listeria, Hepatitis E
|
|
|
|
Rubella congenital defects
|
PDA, septal defects, deafness, mental retardation (worst if during 1st trimester)
|
|
|
|
Most common gynecological malignancy
|
Endometrial carcinoma
|
|
|
|
Most common type of carcinoma of the bladder
|
Transitonal cell carcinoma
|
|
|
|
BPH
|
Affects central lobes (middle and lateral lobes due to periurethral foci), increased free PSA
|
|
|
|
Prostate carcinoma
|
Increase total PSA, but not free, palpable nodules, often peripheral
|
|
|
|
Tuberous Sclerosis Syndrome
|
AD nodular proliferation of multinucleated atypical astrocytes forming tubers (white nodules in cortex), adenoma sebaceum of the skin, and angiomyolipoma of the kidney, also have seizure and mental retardation
|
|
|
|
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
|
PAN-acinar emphysema, cirhosis (auto rec)
|
|
|
|
African American woman with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and reticular densities in both lung fields
|
Sarcoidosis - granulomas are non-caseating, often multisystem effects, finding include anergy to tuberculin, hypercalcemia, and polyclonal hypergammaglobunemia
|
|
|
|
Bronchioalveolar carcinoma
|
Tumor cells line walls of terminal air spaces
|
|
|
|
What molecule induces coughing?
|
Bradykinin (remains disputed)
|
|
|
|
Centrilobular emphysema
|
Dilation of the respiratory bronchiles localized to the upper part of the pulmonary lobes
|
|
|
|
Panacinar emphysema
|
Dilation of the entire acinus (distributed uniformly) - often due to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency -> loss of elasticity
|
|
|
|
Paraseptal emphysema
|
Distal part of the acinus (alveoli and alveolar ducts) - associated with large subpleural bullae or blebs
|
|
|
|
Irregular emphysema
|
Irregular involvement of the acinus with scaring of the walls of the enlarged air spaces - usually a complication of inflammatory processes
|
|
|
|
CEA is a marker for what?
|
Adenocarcinoma of the colon
|
|
|
|
Benign lesion of children, presenting as orange-red dome shaped papule that has grown
|
Juvenile Melanoma (Spitz Nevus)
|
|
|
|
Acanthosis nigricans often reflects what?
|
Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, or uterus); migratory venous thrombosis is also associated with visceral malignancies
|
|
|
|
Actinic keratosis - T/F is a premalignant epidermal lesion
|
TRUE
|
|
|
|
Dysplastic nevus may transform into ….?
|
Malgnant melanoma
|
|
|
|
What is xeroderma pigmentosum assciated with?
|
Increased risk of skin cancer because of failed DNA repair
|
|
|
|
Grayish pigmentation of the skin on posterior neck and axillae in a 40 yo woman, hyperpigmented areas started out as macules and now are palpable plaques, at times these areas are pruritic
|
Anthosis nigricans
|
|
|
|
Which pigmented lesion has the worst prognosis and is likely to metastasize early?
|
Nodular melanoma
|
|
|
|
Acanthosis nigricans
|
Acanthosis and yperpgmentation often involving the flexural areas
|
|
|
|
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
|
locally invasive, due to exposure to sun, presents as scaling, inducrated, ulcerated nodule, histology chacterized by sheets and islands of neoplastic epidermal cells with keratin pearls, tends to involve lower part of the face
|
|
|
|
Basal cell carcinoma of the skin
|
Sun exposed areas, tends to involve upper part of the face, pearly papule overlying telangiectatic vessels, basaloid cells with palisade arrangement of nuclei at periphery
|
|
|
|
Histology of Medullary Carcinoma
|
Proliferation of C cells and amyloid stroma that stains for Congo Red (occurs singly or as part of MEN IIa or b)
|
|
|
|
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with which HLA alleles?
|
HLA-DR5 and HLA-B5
|
|
|
|
Malignant versus Benign - based on what?
|
Clinical behavior, not histology
|
|
|
|
Episodic headache, palpitation, diaphoresis, HTN and hyperglycemia
|
Pheochromocytoma
|
|
|
|
Which malignancy is associated with clubbing of the fingers?
|
Carcinoma of the lung
|
|
|
|
Marrantic endocarditis is associated with…?
|
Wasting diseases such as widespread cancer
|
|
|
|
Small cell lung carcinoma of the lung
|
Almost always metastatic when diagnosed, not resectable, endodermal origin (like bronchogenic carcinoma), located centrally rather than peripherally, associated with smoking, and paraneoplastic syndromes of SIADH and ACTH
|
|
|
|
Associated with secretion of PTH-RP
|
Squamous bronchogenic carcinoma
|
|
|
|
Abdominal pain radiating through to the back, jaundice, anorexia, and recent weight loss
|
Suggests bile duct obstruction with carcinoma of the pancreas (also expect migratory thrombophlebitis - Trouseau's sign)
|
|
|
|
Salivary gland tumors
|
Most occur in parotid, pleiomorphic adenomas, painless mass anterior to the ear, and often recurs due to incomplete resection (close to facial nerve)
|
|
|
|
Horner syndrome causes what tumors?
|
Lung tumors
|
|
|
|
Calcification within a cystic ovarian tumor in a young woman is characteristic of which ovarian tumor?
|
Mature teratoma (benign lesion and frequently occuring)
|
|
|
|
Common childhood tumors
|
medulloblastoma, acute leukemmia, Wilms tumor, and adrenal neuroblastoma
|
|
|
|
Glioblastoma Multiforme
|
most common primary intracranial neoplasm, in late middle-age group, marked anaplasia and pleomorphism with endothelial hyperplasia, areas of necrosis and hemorrhage surrounded by "pseudopalisade arrangement" of tumor cells, poor prognosis
|
|
|
|
Oligodendroglioma
|
slow growing, cells with large nuclei with halo of cytoplasm (fried egg appearance), origin in cerebral hemispheres, calcifications
|
|
|
|
Ependymoma
|
usually in the 4th ventricle, form tubules or rosettes with cells encircling vessels or pointing towards central lumer, causes papillary growth that obstruct CSF flow
|
|
|
|
Meningioma
|
second most common primary intracranial neoplasm, benign, slow growing tumor, occurs after 30 years of age, arises in arachnoid cells of the meninges and is external to the brain, occurs in convexities and parasagittal regions (falx cerebri, sphenoid ridge, olfactory area, suprasellar region), whorled patters of concentrically arranged spindle cells and psammoma bodies
|
|
|
|
Medulloblastoma
|
common childhood malignany, sheets of closely packed cells with scant cutoplasm in rosette or perivascular pseudorosette pattern
|
|
|
|
Neuroblastoma
|
Amplification of N-Myc, neuroblastoma of afrenal medulla or sympthetic ganglia
|
|
|
|
Neurolemmoma (schwannoma)
|
third most common primary intracranial neoplasm, benign slow growing encapsulated tumor, arises from Schwann cells, localized to 8th CN usually - Antoni A (interlacing bundles, palisading nuclei), Antoni B (looser, less cellular)
|
|
|
|
Neurofibroma
|
solitary or multpiple tumors of peripheral nerves derived from Schwann cells, may be part of NF
|
|
|
|
Metastatic tumors to the brain
|
lung, breast, skin, kidney, GI, and thyroid
|
|
|
|
Kruckenberg tumors
|
Ovaries are replaced bilaterally by mucin secreting signet-ring cells, often originating from stomach cells
|
|
|
|
von Recklinghausen NF type 1 and NF-1
|
multiple benign neurofibromas, café au lait spots, iris hamartomas, increased risk of developing fibrosarcomas (due to mutations in NF-1)
|
|
|
|
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
|
IgA IC disease in small vessels, form of hypersensitivity or leukocytoclastic vasculitis (may only involve skin -> palpable purpura or glomeruli, GI tract, lungs or brain)
|
|
|
|
4 yo with fever, abdominal pain, tenderness, heamturia, and palpable purpuric skin lesions on buttocks and extensor suraces of arms/legs
|
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
|
|
|
|
Folate deficiency
|
Megaloblastic anemia
|
|
|
|
Bleeding gums, petechiae, easy bruising, and pain in arms/legs - diet of "tea and toast"
|
Vit. C deficiency - abnormal collagen and osteoid matrix synthesis, causing impair wound healing and fagility of capillaries -> abnormal bleeding, Vit. C maintains reduced state of Fe necessary for absorption and Fe absorption is decreased
|
|
