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34 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Hypospadias
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-an anomaly in which the urethral meatus opens on the ventral surface of the penis
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Epispadias
More or less common than hypospadias? |
-an anomaly in which the urethral meatus opens on the dorsal surface of the penis
-less common than hypospadias |
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Phimosis
-results from? |
-an abnormally tight foreskin that is difficult or impossible to retract over the glans penis
-may be congenital or result from inflammation or from trauma |
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Peyronie disease
-age of people who get it? |
-is subcutaneous fibrosis of the dorsum of the penis
-occurs in older age group -is of unknown etiology |
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Peyronie disease
-age of people who get it? |
-is subcutaneous fibrosis of the dorsum of the penis
-occurs in older age group -is of unknown etiology |
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Priapism
-sometimes associated with? |
-an intractable, often painful erection
-sometimes associated with venous thrombosis of the corpora cavernosa |
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Balantis
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-inflammation of the glans penis
-often associated with poor hygiene -rare in circumcized people |
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Syphyllis (lues)
-visualized by? -primary stage? -secondary stage? -tertiary stage |
-is caused by spirochetes of Treponema pallidum
-demonstrated by dark-field examination -chancre is seen: an elevated, painless, superficially ulcerated, firm papule located most commonly on the glans penis or prepuce; heals in 2-6 weeks -bacteremic stage occurs about 6 weeks after primary chancre has healed; small red macular flat lesions symmetrically distributed over the body, particularly involving the palms, soles, and mucous membranes of the oral cavity; see condyloma latum in warm moist sites -3 categories: gummatous (granulomatous lesion in skin and bones) 2) cardiovascular (anyeurism in ascending aorta) 3) neurosyphillis (subacute meningitis, meningovascular syphillis, or tabes dorsalis, general paresis including Argyll-Robertson pupil) |
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-Gonorrhea caused by? classified as a?
-manifest by? -can extend to? |
-caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, an intracellular gram-negative diplococci
-manifest by acute purulent urethritis -can extend to prostate and seminal vesicles and can also involve the epididymis, but only rarely the testes |
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-Chlamydial infection causes?
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-a common cause of nongonococcal urethritis
-should be suspected when bacteria are not demonstrated in a purulent urethral discharge -can also cause epididymitis |
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Bowen disease
-presentation? -on whom? -malignancy risks? |
-a carcinoma in situ
-presents as a single erythematous plaque, most often on the shaft of the penis or on the scrotum -predominantly affects uncircumcized men -peak incidence after the fifth decade -becomes invasive carcinoma in <10% -assoc. with an increased risk of visceral malignancy |
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Erythroplasia of Queyrat
-occurs in? -malignancy association? |
-a carcinoma in situ
-usually presents as a single erythematous plaque, most often involving the glans penis or prepuce. -occurs predominantly in uncircumcised men -median incidence in the 5th decade -progresses to invasive squamous cell carcinoma in approximately 10% of cases -may be a variant of Bowen disease -NOT associated with visceral malignancy |
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Bowenoid papulosis
presentation? |
-a carcinoma in situ
-presents as multiple verrucoid (wart-like) lesions often resembling condyloma accuminatum and HPV type 16 viral sequences -affects younger people than in Bowen and Erythroplasia of Queyrat -generally considered premalignant but not known to progress to invasive carcinoma |
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Carcinoma of the Penis
-what type is it usually? -increased in incidence where? -predisposed by? -associated with what? |
-most frequently associated with squamous cell carcinoma
-rare in circumcised men; predisposed by poor personal hygiene and venereal diseases -the Far East, Africa, and Central America -associated with HPV infection types 16, 18, 31, and 33 |
-as in associated with what virus?
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Cryptorchidism
-Associations? |
-developmental failure of a testis to descend into the scrotum
-associated, even after surgical correction, with a greatly increased incidence of germ cell tumors, especially seminoma and embryonal carcinoma -asscociated with testicular atrophy and sterility |
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Torsion of the spermatic cord can________
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-compromise blood supply
-cause testicular gangrene |
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Hydrocele
-possible origins? -how do we distinguish it clinically from solid testicular tumors |
-serous fluid filling and distending the tunica vaginalis
-is most often idiopathic -sometimes congenital in origiin due to persistence of the continuity of the tunica vaginalis with the pertoneal cavity -can be secondary to infection or to lymphatic blockage by tumor -can usually be distinguished clinically from solid testicular tumors by physical examination and transillumination |
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Hematocele
-caused by? |
-an accumulation of blood distending the tunica vaginalis
-most often causeed by trauma -occasionally due to tumor |
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Varicocele
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is a varicose dilation of multiple veins of the spermatic cord
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Spermatocele
-often found where? |
-a sperm-containing cyst
-is most often intratesticular |
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Testicular atrophy
-caused/associated with? |
-is often of unknown cause
-may be caused or associated with: 1) Orchitis, especially mumps orchitis 2) Trauma 3) Hormaonal excess or deficiency due to either disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary; hormonal therapy, especially with estrogens; cirrhosis of the liver 4) Cryptochordism 5) Klinefelter syndrome 6) Chronic debilitating disease 7) Old age |
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Orchitis
-associated with? -what happens when it is bilateral? |
-when bacterial, is often associated with epididymitis
-when viral, is most often due to mumps virus (my be caused by syphillis as well) -when bilateral, may result in sterility due to atrophy of the seminiferous tubules; serum testosterone is decreases, while pituitary FSH and LH are increased |
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Epididymitis
-most often caused by? |
-more common than orchitis
-most often caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeoa, Chlamydia trachomatis, E. Coli, M. tuberculosis |
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Germ Cell tumors
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-Germ cell tumors account for more than 90% of testicular tumors
-among the germ cell tumors theare seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and mixed germ cell tumors |
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Non-Germ cell tumors
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-Leydig cell (interstitial) tumor: derived from testicular stroma
-Sertoli cell tumor (androblastoma): derived from sex cord stroma |
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Seminoma
-type of tumor? -benign or malignant? -analogous to? -accounts for what % of germ cell tumors -age group of peak incidence -presentation? -serum tumor marker? -is seminoma treatable? |
-malignant germ cell tumor
-analogous to dysgerminoma, a tumor of the ovary -is the most frequently occuring germ cell tumor, accounting for 40% -mid-30s age group -presents as a painless, enlargement of the testis -hCG -yes, it is very radiosensitive and can often be cured, even with metastasis to abdominal lymph nodes |
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Embryonal carcinoma
-type of tumor? malignant or benign? -accounts for what % of germ cell tumors? -presentation? -prognosis? -serum tumor marker? |
-malignant germ cell tumor
-analogous to a similar tumor occuring in the ovary -is the second most common germ cell tumor, accounting fopr 20-30% -often presents with pain or metastasis -much worse than seminoma -can often have increased serum hCG |
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Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor
-type of tumor? malignant or benign? -peak incidence when? -analogous to? -serum tumor marker? |
-malignant germ cell tumor
-peak incidence in infancy and early childhood--the most common testicular tumor in this age group -analogous to endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary -alpha-fetoprotein (just like in hepatocellular carcinoma) |
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Teratoma
-type of tumor? derived from? -benign or malignant -composition? -subclassifications? |
-germ cell tumor derived from 2 or more embryonic layers
-most frequently malignant -contains multiple tissue types, such as cartilage islands, ciliated epithelium, liver cells, neuroglia, embrionic gut, or striated muscle -mature teratoma: almost always malignant, while the corresponding ovarian tumor (dermoid cyst) is almost always benign; immature teratoma; teratoma with malignant transformation: contains malignant tissue such as squamous cell carcinoma |
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Teratoma
-type of tumor? derived from? -benign or malignant -composition? -subclassifications? |
-germ cell tumor derived from 2 or more embryonic layers
-most frequently malignant -contains multiple tissue types, such as cartilage islands, ciliated epithelium, liver cells, neuroglia, embrionic gut, or striated muscle -mature teratoma: almost always malignant, while the corresponding ovarian tumor (dermoid cyst) is almost always benign; immature teratoma; teratoma with malignant transformation: contains malignant tissue such as squamous cell carcinoma |
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Choriocarcinoma
-type of tumor? malignant or benign? -analogous to? -peak incidence? -notable histology? -serum tumor marker? |
-a malignant germ cell tumor
-analogous to choriocarcinoma of the ovary -can occur as an element of other germ cell tumors -has peak incidence in second to thrid decades -characterized by cells resemnling synctiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts -hCG |
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Leydig cell (interstitial) tumor
-type of tumor? -similar to? -benign or malignant? -histological characteristics? -produces? -associated clinically with? |
-a non-germ cell tumor derived from testicular stroma
-similar to the Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary -is most often benign -intracytoplasmic Reinke crystals -characteristically androgen-producing but sometimes produces both androgens and estrogens and somestimes corticosteroids -most often associated with precocious puberty and with gynecomastia in adults |
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Sertoli cell tumor (androblastoma)
-type of tumor? benign or malignant -similar to? -endocrine manifestations? |
-a non-germ cell tumor derived from sex-cord stroma that's usually benign
-similar to Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary -actually, a paucity of endocrine manifestations |
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Adenocarcinoma of the prostate
-frequency? -in whom? -course: aggressive or indolent? -what part of the prostate? -main serum tumor marker? -other serum tumor markers? -therapy? |
-extremely common
-older age group -can have either an indolent or aggressive course depending on level of differentiation (Gleason system) -arises most often from the peripheral group of glands -increase in serum PSA--complexed form of it (increase in total PSA but decreased fraction of free-PSA) -increased serum prostatic acid phosphatase if capsule has been penetrated; alkaline phosphatase if bone metastasis has occured (osteoblastic lesions) -may respond to endocrine therapy because tumor growth is related to the activity of androgens |
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