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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Virulence Factors:

A virulence factor produced by these two organisms is a typical AB toxin that catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD⁺ to elongation factor-2
Corynebacterium diptheria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

[ADP ribosylation of EF-2 (elongation factor-2) results in the inhibition of protein synthesis and death of the cell]
Virulence Factors:

Produces a heat stable toxin Sta, that stimulates the production of cGMP, with similar effects to those of increased cAMP
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

[In addition, the organism produces a STb toxin that is cyclic nucleotide independent]
Virulence Factors:

Virulence factor found in the outer leaflet of the cell wall of gram-negative organisms
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

[Composed of Lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and O antigen, LPS leads to activation of macrophages with the release of IL-1, with the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and septic shock]
Virulence Factors:

The virulence factors associated with this organism include the ability to grow intracellularly and the production of cord factor
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

[Cord factor is thought to contribute to the formation of granulomas]
Virulence Factors:

Produces a toxin that irreversible inactivates the 60S ribosomal subunit with the cessation of protein synthesis and cell death
Shigella dysenteriae

[Toxins similar to Shiga toxin are produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli and are known as verotoxins]
Virulence Factors:

Produces exfoliant toxin
Staphylococcus aureus

[The toxin causes an exfoliative dermatitis, Scalded skin syndrome, that appears as a sunburn-like rash]
Virulence Factors:

Produces Toxic shock syndrome toxin
Staphylococcus aureus

[Toxic shock syndrome, associated with the use of superabsorbent tampons, results from the production of this toxin, which causes polyclonal activation of T cells through antigen-independent activation of the T-cell receptor]
Virulence Factors:

Protein A is a major virulence factor
Staphylococcus aureus

[Binds to the Fc region of the antibody, preventing complement fixation and phagocytosis]
Virulence Factors:

The three major pyogens for which a polysaccharide capsule is the major virulence factor
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis

[The capsule prevents opsonization by host cell immunoglobulins]
Virulence Factors:

Produces erythrogenic toxin, resulting in Scarlet fever
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

[Erythrogenic toxin is a phage-encoded superantigen that causes the rash often accompanying pharyngitis]
Virulence Factors:

M antigen is the most important virulence factor
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

[Prevents phagocytosis, and antibodies to this molecule underlie the long-term sequelae of infection, namely chronic rheumatic heart disease]
Virulence Factors:

Produces an AB toxin that transfers ADP-ribose from NAD⁺ to the stimulatory G protein subunit (Gs)
Vibrio cholerae

[Similar to the labile toxin (LT) of enterotoxigenic E. coli, this toxin results in the increase of cAMP with hypersecretion of Cl⁻ and HCO₃⁻ with the osmotic reflux of up to 30 L of water/day]
Fungi:

Produces a toxin that results in liver damage upon ingestion of wild mushrooms
Amanita species

[Ingestion may result in life-threatening fulminant hepatitis, requiring liver transplant]
Fungi:

Produces the carcinogen aflatoxin and is a common contaminant of moldy nuts and grains
Aspergillus favus

[Aflatoxins contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and act synergistically with HBV to promote carcinogenesis]
Fungi:

Proliferation of this organism within the lung causes a "fungus ball" that must be removed surgically
Aspergillus fumigatus

[Microscopically the organism grows as septate hyphae, branching at 45º angles]
Fungi:

Although an opportunistic mycosis, it can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis such as Farmer's Lung
Aspergillus fumigatus

[Resulting from inhalation of moldy hay]
Fungi:

Systemic mycosis that begins as lower respiratory tract infection and may disseminate to cause warty-like skin lesions
Blastomyces dermatiditis

[Results in granulomatous lung lesions similar to tuberculosis; may also result in skeletal and genitourinary manifestations]
Fungi:

Systemic mycosis endemic to the southeastern United States
Blastomyces dermatitidis

[Fungi appears in infected tissue as yeast with broad-based budding]
Fungi:

Causes a cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge
Candida albicans

[Predisposing factors include immunosuppression, diabetes, obesity, and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics]
Fungi:

Causes white curd-like patches on mucocutaneous membranes of the mouth and extend downward to cause esophagitis in immunocompromised patients
Candida albicans

[In addition to causing thrush, C. albicans is a common cause of tinea unguium (fungal infection of the nails) and diaper rash]
Fungi:

Most common mycotic pathogen
Candida albicans

[Although a yeast, it can form pseudohyphae in infected tissue and form characteristic germ tubes at 37ºC under laboratory conditions]
Fungi:

Systemic mycosis endemic to the San Joaquin Valley in southern California
Coccidioides immitis

[Causes "Valley Fever," characterized by arthralgias, cough, and fever]
Fungi:

Found within infected tissue as spherules that rupture to release endospores
Coccidioides immitis

[Dimorphic fungi with contraction of infection by inhalation of arthrospores in the sand and soil]
Fungi:

The only mycotic pathogen with a capsule
Cryptococcus neoformans

[Visualized with an India ink test; capsule excludes ink, providing contrast]
Fungi:

Causes meningitis in patients with underlying immunodeficiency, especially AIDS
Cryptococcus neoformans

[Associated with pigeon droppings, this fungus grows within the Virchow-Robin vascular spaces of the brain, resulting in "soap bubble lesions"]
Fungi:

Causes cutaneous infections such as tinea corporis, tinea cruris (jock itch), and tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
Dermatophytes

[Typically caused by dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton spp. and result in scaly hypo- or hyperpigmented annular pruritic lesions]
Fungi:

Associated with the inhalation of spores from bird or bat droppings in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valley
Histoplasma capsulatum

[Histologically characterized by macrophages stuffed with numerous yeast cells]
Fungi:

Causes tinea versicolor, which manifests as patches of hyper- and hypopigmentation on the trunk
Malassezia furfur

[Found in skin scales and has a characteristic spaghetti and meatballs appearance (yeast clusters and short, curved septate hyphae)]
Fungi:

Most common pulmonary mycotic infection with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to tuberculosis-like symptoms
Histoplasma capsulatum

[In immunocompetent individuals, infection often resolves, with calcification of hilar lymph nodes]
Fungi:

Most common cause of tinea capitis, ringworm of the scalp
Microsporum canis

[Common in prepubescent children with pets; the natural inhibitor or Microsporum spp. growth, undecylenic acid, is produced in the sebum of postpubertal individuals]
Fungi:

Results in rhinocerebral disease, primarily in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis or leukemia
Mucor and Rhizopus species

[Distinct from other human fungal pathogens in that these species cause disease in their sexual life cycle and display nonseptate hyphae branching at a 90º angle or wider]
Fungi:

This organism grows as multiple budding yeasts that appear as a "captains wheel" and causes disease almost exclusively in men
Paracoccidioides braziliense (brasiliensis)

[This granulomatous lung disease occurs primarily in Central and South America, with >90% of cases seen in males]
Fungi:

Causes an alveolar pneumonia, typically in AIDS patients
Pneumocystis (carinii) jirovecii

[Previously thought to be a protozoa, this fungus causes a foamy, amorphous alveolar exudate and is seen as cup- or boat-shaped cysts upon staining with silver methenamine]
Fungi:

Causes the most common subcutaneous mycosis, Rose handler's disease
Sporothrix schenckii

[Transmitted by the prick of a contaminated thorn; treated with a dilute solution of potassium iodide (KI) in milk]
Protozoa:

Transmitted by the same tick as that which carries Lyme disease, infection results in similar manifestation as malaria
Babesia microti

[Often mistaken for P. falciparum, the organism can be detected in RBCs as a "Maltese cross," which is diagnostic]
Protozoa:

Causes a self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals or life-threatening intractable diarrhea in AIDS patients
Cryptosporidium parvum

[Infection is associated with the consumption of water contaminated with infected animal feces]
Protozoa:

Dissemination to the liver can result in abscess formation with a characteristic anchovy paste aspirate
Entamoeba histolytica

[The organism can form an amoeboma with the potential for penetration of the serosa and peritonitis]
Protozoa:

Common cause of amebic dysentery, infection leads to the formation of flask-shaped ulcers in the colonic mucosa
Entamoeba histolytica

[The finding of trophozoites with ingested RBCs is pathognomonic]
Protozoa:

The only common pathogenic protozoa of the small intestine
Giardia lamblia

[A heart-shaped symmetrical trophozoite with two nuclei, four pairs of flagella, and a large sucking disk for adherence to the mucosal surface]
Protozoa:

Causes flatulence and diarrhea with steatorrhea and the production of bulky greasy foul-smelling stool
Giardia lamblia

[Infection is more common among day-care children, campers consuming contaminated stream water, and homosexuals engaging in oral-anal contact]
Protozoa:

Infection with different species results in dermal, mucocutaneous, and visceral forms of the disease
Leishmania spp.

[Dermal leishmaniasis is due to L. tropica, the mucocutaneous form is due to L. braziliensis, and the most severe form, visceral leishmaniasis, is due to L. donovani and can result in skin hyperpigmentation of kala-azar]
Protozoa:

Transmitted by the sandfly, the amastigote stage survives and multiplies within macrophages
Leishmania spp.

[The only protozoan parasite capable of replication within the phagolysosomes of reticuloendothelial cells]
Protozoa:

Free-living flagellated amoeba, acquired by swimming in freshwater ponds, causing a fulminant meningoencephalitis with death within a week
Naegleria fowleri

[Another free-living amoebum, Acanthamoeba castellani, causes less severe disease, typically limited to corneal ulceration and keratitis]
Protozoa:

Blackwater fever
Plasmodium falciparum

[Seen in P. falciparum malaria, in which infected cells are abnormally adherent and cause thrombosis and ischemia with hemolysis, resulting in hemoglobinuria]
Protozoa:

Transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito, with infection of RBCs and hepatocytes
Plasmodium spp.

[An obligate intracellular parasite, Plasmodium is typically seen as ring- or crescent-shaped forms within RBCs on a Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smear]
Protozoa:

Some resistance to infection is provided to patients with sickle cell disease/trait, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and thalassemia
Plasmodium spp.

[Symptoms of malaria include cyclic fevers (every 48 hr = P. falciparum, every 72 hr = P. malariea), headache, anemia]
Protozoa:

Exposure of nonimmune mothers results in fetal transmission with the potential for stillbirth and intracerebral calcifications
Toxoplasma gondii

[Infection may be acquired from cysts in raw or undercooked meat or aerosolization of infected cat feces from litter boxes]
Protozoa:

Usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, infection in an AIDS patient can result in fulminant, life-threatening encephalitis
Toxoplasma gondii

[Visualized radiographically as a ring-enhancing mass on CT scan; other ring-enhancing masses include cerebral abscess and Glioblastoma multiforme]
Protozoa:

A common cause of vaginitis, it often presents with vulvo-vaginal pruritis, with a profuse frothy discharge
Trichomonas vaginalis

[Causes strawberry mucosa, spotty reddening and edema of the affected mucosa]
Protozoa:

Identified as pear-shaped, flagellated trophozoites with undulating movements on a wet-mount slide of vaginal or urethral discharge
Trichomonas vaginalis

[Typically a sexually transmitted disease, growth is associated with an abnormally alkaline pH of the vagina]