Brs Biochem 23/23

Front 1

Set 23 Q: Levels of this serum protein, which results from the non-enzymatic addition of sugar to protein, provides a measure of long-term glucose control in diabetic patients

Back 1

HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) - is normally 6% of the total hemoglobin, but it increases when red blood cells are exposed to high levels of blood glucose. Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, from elevated circulating glucose, results in many of the complications of diabetes

Front 2

Set 23 Q: This peptide is liberated by the proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin to form the alpha and beta chains, which are subsequently linked by disulfide bonds to form the mature hormone.

Back 2

C-peptide - C-peptide levels are used to differentiate the causes of a high insulin level. In patients with tumors of pancreatic Beta cells, serum levels of C-peptide will be elevated. However, in cases of surreptitious insulin administration c-peptide is not elevated, as commercial insulin preparations have purified away this contaminant.

Front 3

Set 23 Q: This enzyme is involved in the transfer of amino acids across cell membranes and the transfer of glutamyl groups from peptides and other compounds to an acceptor.

Back 3

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) - elevated serum levels of GGT are often seen with intra- and post-hepatic biliary obstruction, indicating cholestasis, and in some primary neoplasms as well as pancreatic cancer and alcohol-induced liver disease

Front 4

Set 23 Q: This hormone is initially produced by the developing embryo after fertilization to maintain the corpus luteum

Back 4

Human chorionic gonadotropi (hCG) - over the counter pregnancy tests detect the presence of hCG in the urine. Serum quantification of hCG levels can be used to differentiate a normal intrauterine pregnancy from an ectopic pregnancy (has high levels of hCG)

Front 5

Set 23 Q: This enzyme normally converts pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ for use in glycolysis. It is composed of four subunits and occurs in five isoforms

Back 5

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) - LDH2 is the predominant form found in serum, mostly due to the turnover of immune cells. In myocardial infarction LDH1 becomes elevated over the normal levels of LDH2, the so-called LDH flip. Although this marker has been replaced by better markers of MI, LDH does still have some value in diagnosing lymphomas as well as determining the etiology of pleural effusions

Front 6

Set 23 Q: This molecule results from the spontaneous cyclization of creatine phosphate, the high-energy storage molecule in muscle

Back 6

Creatinine - the amount of creatinine excreted per day depends on body muscle mass and kidney function and is constant at about 15 mmol for the average person. Creatinine is an important marker of kidney function and rises sharply in cases of kidney failure

Front 7

Set 23 Q: This enzyme transfers the amino group from glutamate to pyruvate to form alanine and can be found in the serum of patients with liver damage.

Back 7

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) - this enzyme, also known as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, is abundant in the cytoplasm of liver cells and is increased when liver cells are damaged, as in cirrhosis, or in liver tumors.

Front 8

Set 23 Q: This condition results from the inhibition of acetyl CoA dehydrogenase, with a reduced ability of fatty acids to be used as fuel and the development of severe hypoglycemia as glucose is depleted.

Back 8

Jamaican vomiting sickness - a potentially deadly disease due to the consumption of hypoglycin from unripe fruit of the ackee tree, causing inhibition of Beta-oxidation of fatty acids.