Brs Anatomy Flash Cards

Front 1

Most common cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Back 1

Atherosclerosis

[Often associated with mutation in LDL receptor in familial hypercholesterolemia]

Front 2

Sudden onset of excruciating substernal pain, often confused with myocardial infarction

Back 2

Dissecting aortic aneurysm

[Caused by medial necrosis, more common in Marfan Syndrome]

Front 3

Vasculitis of the elderly, presenting as headache, facial pain, and/or impaired vision

Back 3

Giant cell (temporal) arteritis

[Most common vasculitis, affecting branches of the carotid artery]

Front 4

Cardiac related: Vast majority of cases are idiopathic, although they may also be secondary to renal disease

Back 4

Hypertension

[Other secondary causes include primary hyperaldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, and pheochomocytoma]

Front 5

Rapidly precipitating hypertension in an African American male with papilledema and retinal hemorrhages

Back 5

Malignant hypertension

[Histologically characterized by hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis or "onion-skin" thickening of arterial walls]

Front 6

Pallor or cyanosis or fingers and toes caused by recurrent vasospasm of arterioles, often in young, healthy women

Back 6

Raynaud disease

[Reaction to cold or emotion]

Front 7

Vasculitis primarily affecting the tibial and radial arteries

Back 7

Thromboangiitis obliterans
(Buerger disease)

[Associated with cigarette smoking]

Front 8

Crushing or squeezing, substernal pain radiating down the left arm

Back 8

Myocardial infarction

Front 9

Cardiac friction rub

Back 9

Pericarditis

[Causes include infections, rheumatic fever, myocardial infarction, and uremia]

Front 10

Precordial pain in exertion or increased cardiac workload, but relieved by rest

Back 10

Stable angina

[Caused by decreased coronary artery flow from atherosclerotic narrowing]

Front 11

Prolonged or recurrent chest pain with increasing frequency, often at rest

Back 11

Unstable (Crescendo, Preinfarction) angina

[Harbinger of myocardial infarction]

Front 12

Leukemia most common in younger patients

Back 12

ALL
(Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia)

[Peripheral blood smear shows predominance of lymphoblasts that stain positive for terminal deoxytransferase (TdT)]

Front 13

Markedly hypocellular marrow is most commonly associated with this blood disorder

Back 13

Aplastic anemia

[Often associated with chloramphenicol use]

Front 14

Reciprocal chromosome translocation t(8;14) occuring in a B-cell malignancy

Back 14

Burkitt's lymphoma

[c-myc expression under the control of the Ig heavy chain gene]

Front 15

Marrow fibrosis with extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis and teardrop cells are found with this blood disorder

Back 15

Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia
(agnogenic myeloid metaplasia)

Front 16

Reciprocal chromosome translocation t(9;22)

Back 16

CML
(Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia)

[Philadelphia chromosome; creates bcr-abl fusion protein with increased tyrosine kinase activity]

[Philadelphia chromosome also found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)]

Front 17

Most common heritable cause of coagulability

Back 17

Factor V Leiden

[Hereditary resistance to activated Protein C]

Front 18

Blood cell or bone marrow biopsy finding of tumor cells with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP test) and fine-hair-like cytoplasmic projections

Back 18

Hairy cell leukemia

Front 19

Reed-Sternberg cells are most commonly associated with this condition

Back 19

Hodgkin's disease

[Binucleated giant cells with inclusion-like nucleoli]

Front 20

Target cells, splenomegaly, and a mild hemolytic anemia in African Americans are the most common symptoms/findings

Back 20

Homozygous hemoglobin C disease

[Target cells may also be found in thalassemias]

Front 21

These are hypochromic microcytic anemias

Back 21

Iron deficiency anemia,
β-thalassemia minor,
and anemia of chronic disease

Front 22

Hypersegmented polys and hypercellular marrow are associated with this blood disorder

Back 22

Megaloblastic anemia

[Folate or vitamin B₁₂ deficiency leads to defects in DNA synthesis, with accumulation of megaloblasts due to nuclear maturation problems]

Front 23

Commonly associated with this plasma cell disorder are punched out lytic bone lesions of the spine, cranium, and ribs

Back 23

Multiple myeloma

[Peripheral blood smear may show rouleaux formation of RBC caused by hyperglobulinema]

Front 24

Lymphoma with a propensity for lower cervical, supraclavicular, and mediastinal lymph nodes

Back 24

Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma

[Only Hodgkin variant more common in females]

Front 25

Blood disorder with anti-parietal cell and anti-intrinsic factor antibodies with achlorhydria

Back 25

Pernicious anemia

[Parietal cells prooduce HCl and intrinsic factor; IF is required for vitamin B₁₂ absorption in the terminal ileum]

Front 26

Blood disorder associated with leg ulcers and recurrent painful crisis

Back 26

Sickle cell anemia
(homozygous HbSS disease)

[Patients also undergo autosplenectomy]

Front 27

Vitamin deficiencies that result in bleeding disorders

Back 27

Vitamin C deficiency,
Vitamin K deficiency

[Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis and vessel integrity; Vitamin K is required for function of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X]

Front 28

Most common bronchogenic carcinoma type in women and nonsmokers

Back 28

Adenocarcinoma

[Localize peripherally]

Front 29

Rapid onset of respiratory insufficiency refractory to oxygen therapy associated with sepsis, infections, aspiration, or trauma

Back 29

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
(ARDS)
(diffuse alveolar damage)

[Histologically characterized by intra-alveolar hyaline membranes]

Front 30

Harmless black pigment in lungs

Back 30

Anthracosis

[Common in coal miners, urban dwellers, or smokers]

Front 31

Neoplastic columnar and cuboidal epithelial cells that line the alveolar septa

Back 31

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma

[Tumor cells are also found in loose alveolar spaces]

Front 32

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)

Back 32

Bronchial asthma,
Bronchiectasis,
Chronic bronchitis,
Emphysema

[Caused by airway narrowing or loss of elastic recoil of the lung, resulting in decreased forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV₁]

Front 33

Right lower quadrant pain, nausea, fever, and an elevated WBC are the main symptoms/findings

Back 33

Acute appendicitis

Front 34

GI related: Increased CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)

Back 34

Carcinoma of the colon

[Risk factor includes low fiber diet]

Front 35

Fatigue, weakness, and iron deficiency anemia in older males are the main symptoms/findings

Back 35

Carcinoma of the right colon

[Secondary to blood loss]

Front 36

Malabsorption that resolves upon withdrawal of wheat gliadins from the diet

Back 36

Celiac sprue

[Histologically characterized as flattening of the mucosal villi with inflammatory infiltrate]

Front 37

GI related: Persistent projectile vomiting usually appearing in the 2nd-3rd week of life

Back 37

Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Front 38

GI related: Patchy areas of inflammation called skip lesions are found in this condition

Back 38

Crohn's disease

[Discontinuous involvement of the intestinal mucosa visualized as a "sting sign" on X-ray]

Front 39

Cobblestone appearance of the bowel mucosa is associated with this GI condition

Back 39

Crohn's disease

[Caused by inflammation and thickening of all three layers of the GI wall]

Front 40

GI condition with small sac-like outpouchings of the colon through the muscular wall, common in the elderly

Back 40

Diverticulosis

[Most commonly asymptomatic]

Front 41

Barrett's esophagus is the only precursor recognized in this condition

Back 41

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

[Barrett's esophagus=stratified squamous to non-ciliated columnar metaplasia (specialized, intestinal type epithelium) in the distal esophagus]

Front 42

These can rupture producing massive hemorrhage into the esophageal lumen

Back 42

Esophageal varices

[Often associated with portal hypertension, as in cirrhosis]

Front 43

There is a 100% chance of colon cancer by midlife with this condition

Back 43

Familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes

[Caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the APC gene with hundreds of adenomatous polyps carpeting the intestines]

Front 44

Signet ring cells are characteristic of this condition

Back 44

Gastric carcinoma, diffuse variant

[Extensive infiltration of malignant cells can lead to linitis plastica or "leather bottle stomach"; metastasis bilaterally to the ovaries results in Krukenberg tumors]

Front 45

This condition is characterized by weakness in the peritoneal wall allowing protrusions of bowel segments

Back 45

Hernia

Front 46

Congenital absence of ganglion cells in the muscular or submucosal layers or the GI wall are indicative of this disorder

Back 46

Hirschprung disease
(congenital megacolon)

[Absence of ganglion cells is in the nondilated region of the colon]

Front 47

Telescoping of one intestinal segment into another, usually in children

Back 47

Intussusception

Front 48

Most common innocuous congenital abnormality in the GI

Back 48

Meckel's diverticulum

[Failure of involution of the vitelline duct]

Front 49

Sharply punched out lesions in the stomach or duodenum are indicative of this disorder

Back 49

Peptic ulcer

[Associated with NSAID use and Helicobacter pylori]

Front 50

Autosomal dominant disorder with multiple benign hamartomatous polyps and melanin pigmentation of the oral mucosa, hands, and genitals

Back 50

Peutz-Jegher syndrome

Front 51

This benign neoplastic tumor of the salivary gland recurs often and is difficult to completely resect because of proximity to the facial nerve

Back 51

Pleomorphic adenoma
(mixed tumor of the salivary gland)

[Most common salivary tumor]

Front 52

GI condition with pseudomembranes consisting of fibrin, mucin, and inflammatory debris covering the colonic mucosa

Back 52

Pseudomembranous colitis

[Caused by elaboration of exotoxins by Clostridium difficile]

Front 53

Toxic megacolon is a complication of this GI disorder

Back 53

Ulcerative colitis

[Destruction of neural plexus leading to massive dilation, gangrene, and imminent rupture of colon]

Front 54

Sudden right upper quadrant or epigastric pain with nausea, vomiting, and leukocytosis are the most common symptoms/findings

Back 54

Acute calculous cholecystitis

[One of the most common indications for abdominal surgery]

Front 55

Micronodules on liver surface in early stages are indicative of this disorder

Back 55

Alcoholic cirrhosis

Front 56

Most common liver disease in the United States

Back 56

Alcoholic liver disease

Front 57

Grossly distended abdomen, esophageal varices, caput medusae, and hemorrhoids are the most common symptoms/findings

Back 57

Cirrhosis

[Caused by portal hypertension and active portocaval anastomosis]

Front 58

Soft, yellow, greasy liver

Back 58

Fatty liver

[Hepatic steatosis]

Front 59

Asterixis in relation to a liver disorder indicates this condition

Back 59

Hepatic (portosystemic) encephalopathy

[Flapping tremor and neurologic sign, caused by nitrogenous metabolites which cannot be detoxified by the damaged liver]

Front 60

Most common primary malignancy of the liver

Back 60

Hepatocellular carcinoma

[Often associated with Hepatitis B infection]

Front 61

An increase in AFP (α-fetoprotein) is indicative of this liver disorder

Back 61

Hepatocellular carcinoma

[Also present in yolk sac tumors]

Front 62

Triad of cirrhosis, skin pigmentation, and diabetes mellitus
("bronze diabetes")

Back 62

Idiopathic hemochromatosis

[Primary defect in iron absorption leading to a net accumulation]

Front 63

Macronodular pattern on liver surface usually indicates this disorder

Back 63

Posthepatic (postnecrotic, macronodular) cirrhosis

Front 64

Middle-aged female with pruritis, jaundice, xanthomas, and antimitochondrial antibodies are the main symptoms/findings

Back 64

Primary biliary cirrhosis

[Histologically characterized by granulomatous destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts]

Front 65

Biliary tract disease commonly seen in association with ulcerative colitis

Back 65

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

[Histologically characterized by "onion-skin" fibrosis of bile ducts]

Front 66

Councilman (hyaline) bodies in the liver are indicative of this condition

Back 66

Viral hepatitis

[Apoptotic hepatocytes]

Front 67

Associated with this disorder is hepatolenticular degeneration causing extrapyramidal motor signs

Back 67

Wilson's disease

[Copper deposits in the liver, cornea of the eye (Kayser-Fleisher rings), and both the putamen and lenticular nuceli of the basal ganglia]

Front 68

Costovertebral angle tenderness, fever, and burning on urination are characteristic symptoms/findings of this condition

Back 68

Acute pyelonephritis

[Most commonly caused by ascending infection by E. coli]

Front 69

Acute renal failure presenting as severe oliguria, causing death if untreated

Back 69

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

[Tubules are capable of regeneration is basement membran is intact]

Front 70

Kidney disorder associated with berry aneurysms and subsequent subarachnoid hemorrhage

Back 70

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
formerly known as Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (APKD)

[Most common cystic disease of the kidney]

Front 71

Extended use of phenacetin, aspirin, acetaminophen, caffeine, and codeine contribute to this kidney disorder

Back 71

Analgesic abuse nephropathy

[Renal papillary necrosis leading to tubulointerstitial nephritis]

Front 72

Corticomedullary scarring over blunted calyces, with "thyroidization" of tubules characterize this kidney condition

Back 72

Chronic pyelonephritis

[Histologically characterized as colloid cast-filled tubules]

Front 73

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules are commonly found in this disorder of the kidney

Back 73

Diabetic nephropathy

[PAS+ nodules resulting from increased mesangial matrix deposition]

Front 74

Basement membrane thickening resulting from nonenzymatic glycosylation characterize this kidney condition

Back 74

Diabetic nephropathy

Front 75

Sclerosis of some glomeruli with only parts of the capillary tufts affected is indicative of this condition

Back 75

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Front 76

Hemorrhagic pneumonitis with glomerulonephritis characterizes this condition

Back 76

Goodpasture syndrome

[Seen as linear immunofluorescence of glomeruli]

Front 77

Commonly found in this kidney condition are immune complex deposits in the mesangium associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Back 77

IgA nephropathy
(Berger disease)

[Most common glomerulopathy worldwide]

Front 78

Spike and dome appearance of kidney

Back 78

Membranous glomerulonephritis

[Spike=basement membrane proliferating around domes;
Dome=immune complex deposits]

Front 79

In this disorder, glomeruli appear normal in conventional light microscopy, but there is fusion of epithelial foot processes in electron microscopy

Back 79

Minimal change disease
(Lipoid nephrosis)

[Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children]

Front 80

Kidney disorder with tram-track appearance due to apparent reduplication of the glomerular basement membrane

Back 80

MPGN (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis)

[Type II MPGN is also known as dense-deposit disease]

Front 81

Hematuria, oliguria, azotemia and hypertension are the main symptoms

Back 81

Nephritic syndrome

[Prototype is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis]

Front 82

Proteineuria, generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria are the main symptoms

Back 82

Nephrotic syndrome

Front 83

Coarse, irregular, and granular immunofluorescence in kidney specimen
(visualized as "lumpy-bumpy")

Back 83

Poststeptococcal glomerulonephritis
(also in Membranous glomerulonephritis and Lupus nephropathy)

[Present in immune complex deposit diseases]

Front 84

Symptom triad of hematuria, flank pain and palpable mass are indicative of this kidney disorder

Back 84

Renal cell carcinoma

[Histologically characterized by clear cells containing glycogen and lipids]

Front 85

Crescent-like formation in a majority of glomeruli are indicative of this condition

Back 85

RPGN (rapidly progressive [crescentic] glomerulonephritis)

[Rapid renal failure associated with either antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies (Goodpasture syndrome) or immune complex deposits (poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis]

Front 86

This kidney disorder is related to exposure to β-naphthylamine or cyclophosphamide

Back 86

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

[Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is associated with infection by Schistosoma hematobium, rare in the United States]

Front 87

Bread-and-butter (fibrinous) pericarditis characterizes this kidney condition

Back 87

Uremia

Front 88

A child presenting with palpable flank mass and hematuria are symtoms/findings of this kidney disorder

Back 88

Wilms' tumor

[Most common childhood renal malignancy]

Front 89

A reproductive disorder characterized by osteoblastic metastases with an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase in an older male

Back 89

Carcinoma of the prostate

[Most common reproductive carcinoma in males; often arises in the peripheral zone of the prostate]

Front 90

Maternal exposure to DES (diethylstilberstrol) causes this reproductive issue in children

Back 90

Clear cell carcinoma in the vagina of daughters and possible testicular cancer in sons

Front 91

This reproductive disorder predisposes to male germ cell tumors even if surgically corrected

Back 91

Cryptorchidism
(undescended testes)

Front 92

Toxemia with CNS involvement, including convulsions and coma in a pregnant woman indicate this condition

Back 92

Eclampsia

Front 93

Most common reproductive cause of hematosalpinx

Back 93

Ectopic pregnancy

[Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease may also predispose to ectopic pregnancy]

Front 94

Symtoms/findings of leukorrhea and irregular bleeding in a postmenopausal woman characterize this disease

Back 94

Endometrial carcinoma

[Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, infertility, and endometrial hyperplasia]

Front 95

Leading cause of infertility, with menstrual irregularities, severe dysmenorrhea, and intrapelvic bleeding in a young woman

Back 95

Endometriosis

["Chocolate cysts" or blood-and-debris filled cysts in ovaries may develop]

Front 96

Discrete, rubbery, movable mass in the inner lower quadrant of the breast of a young female are indicative of this condition

Back 96

Fibroadenoma

[Most common benign tumor of the female breast]

Front 97

Blue-domed cysts and dense fibrosis that produce palpable lumps and mammographic densities are associated with this disorder

Back 97

Fibrocystic change of the breast

[Epithelial cell lining around cysts shows apocrine metaplasia]

Front 98

Bleeding with passage of grape-like structures, increased hCG, and rapid increase in uterine size characterize this condition

Back 98

Hydatidiform mole

[Similar presentation without uterine enlargement = choriocarcinoma]

Front 99

Most common cause of scrotal enlargement

Back 99

Hydrocele

[Clear, serous fluid can be seen upon transillumination of scrotal sac]

Front 100

Tumor with tendency to affect both breasts

Back 100

Infiltrating lobular carcinoma

Front 101

Nodule of rock hard consistency in the upper outer quadrant of the breast of a postmenopausal woman characterizes this condition

Back 101

Invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma of the breast

[Histologically characterized by nests of tumor cells in a scirrhous, or scar-like, dense, hard stroma]

Front 102

Reproductive related: Most common benign tumor in females

Back 102

Leiomyoma

[Benign tumor of the smooth muscle of the uterus]

Front 103

Reproductive germ cell tumor that may contain hair, teeth, cartilage, and/or glands

Back 103

Mature cystic teratoma
(dermoid cyst)

[Tumor is derived from all three germ cell layers]

Front 104

Reproductive related: Presents as urinary urgency, frequency, and nocturia in an older male

Back 104

Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
(benign prostatic hyperplasia)

[Commonly arises in the periurethral and transition zones of the prostate causing compression of the urethra]

Front 105

This condition is characterized by an eczemoid lesion of the nipple, often with underlying ductal carcinoma

Back 105

Paget disease of the breast

Front 106

Reproductive related: Psammoma bodies most commonly associated with this disorder

Back 106

Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary

[Also in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and meningioma]

Front 107

Young female with amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, and hirsutism is indicative of this condition

Back 107

Polycystic ovary (Stein-Leventhal) syndrome

[May be caused by excess secretion of luteinizing hormone]

Front 108

Insidious onset of hypertension, edema, proteinuria, and headache after the 32nd week of pregnancy is associated with this condition

Back 108

Preeclampsia

Front 109

Endocrine related: Salt-losing hyponatremia leading to hypotension and virilization of female infants characterizes this condition

Back 109

21-hydroxylase deficiency

[Most common enzymatic defect in congenital hyperplasia]

Front 110

Epigastric pain radiating to the back with an increase in serum amylase and lipase are the most common symptoms/findings

Back 110

Acute pancreatitis

[Major association with alcoholism and gallstones]

Front 111

Endocrine related: Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau syndrome) characterizes this condition

Back 111

Carcinoma of the pancreas

Front 112

Severe retardation, short stature, coarse facies, protruding tongue, and umbilical hernia are the most common symptoms/findings

Back 112

Cretinism
(Hypothyroidism in children)

Front 113

Moon facies, hypertension, and accumulation of truncal fat are the most common symptoms/findings

Back 113

Cushing syndrome

[Caused by the action of cortisol]

Front 114

Endocrine related: Most commonly caused by iatrogenic corticosteroid therapy

Back 114

Cushing syndrome

Front 115

Endocrine related: Marked increase in free water points to this disorder

Back 115

Diabetes insipidus

[Caused by lack of ADH]

Front 116

Increased hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) usually indicates this condition

Back 116

Diabetes mellitus

[HbA1c=serum marker for nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins]

Front 117

Endocrine related loss of pain in extremities points to this condition

Back 117

Diabetic neuropathy

Front 118

Endocrine related retinal microaneurysms and cotton-wool spots are associated with this condition

Back 118

Diabetic retinopathy

Front 119

Endocrine related: A female presenting with staring gaze and exophthalmos points to this condition

Back 119

Graves' disease

[Characterized by anti-TSH receptor antibodies in serum]

Front 120

Most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient areas

Back 120

Hashimoto thyroiditis

[Histologically characterized by dense lymphocytic infiltrate and germinal centers in the thyroid]

Front 121

Hypoglycemia and CNS impairment, which are reversed upon glucose administration, and increased serum C-peptide indicate this endocrine condition

Back 121

Insulinoma

[Patients surreptitiously administering insulin do not have increased C-peptide levels in serum]

Front 122

Endocrine related: General apathy, cold intolerance, obesity, and constipation point to this condition

Back 122

Myxedema
(hypothyroidism)

Front 123

Most common thyroid carcinoma associated with exposure to ionizing radiation

Back 123

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

[Histologically characterized by papillae lined by "Orphan Annie" nuclei or empty-looking nuclei]

Front 124

Endocrine related: Paroxysmal hypertension, tachycardia, sweating, tremor, and byperglycemia point to this condition

Back 124

Pheochromocytoma

Front 125

Endocrine related: Causes compression of the optic chiasm resulting in bitemporal hemianopsia

Back 125

Pituitary adenoma

[Often visualized as radiographic enlargement of the sella turcica]

Front 126

Endocrine related: Symptoms of this condition include hypotension, hyperpigmentation, and decreased heart rate

Back 126

Primary adrenal cortical insufficiency
(Addison's disease)

Front 127

Salt-retaining hypertension, hypernatremia, hypokalemic alkalosis, and decreased plasma renin are symptoms of this endocrine-related condition

Back 127

Primary hyperaldosteronism

[As opposed to increased plasma renin in secondary hyperaldosteronism]

Front 128

Osteitis fibrosis cystica characterize this endocrine disorder

Back 128

Primary hyperparathyroidism

[Cysts, fibrinous accumulation, and focal hemorrhage in bone; also called brown tumor of bone]

Front 129

A premenopausal woman who presents with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, loss of libido, and infertility may have this disorder

Back 129

Prolactinoma

[Most common hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma]

Front 130

Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Back 130

Renal failure

Front 131

Endocrine related: Symptoms include periportal hypotension resulting in necrosis and destruction of the anterior pituitary

Back 131

Sheehan syndrome

Front 132

Excessive resorption of free water with hyponatremia and cerebral edema, but no peripheral edema are symptoms of this endocrine disorder

Back 132

SIADH
(Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone)

Front 133

Tremor, tachycardia, heat intolerance, and increase in appetite with decrease in weight characterize this endocrine condition

Back 133

Thyrotoxicosis
(hyperthyroidism)

[Most commonly caused by Graves' disease]

Front 134

Hypergastrinemia, hyperchlorhydria, and recurrent peptic ulcer disease are symptoms of this endocrine-related disorder

Back 134

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Front 135

This is a skin marker of visceral malignancy

Back 135

Acanthosis nigricans

[Thickened and hyperpigmented areas commonly found in flexural areas]

Front 136

Pearly papules with superficial telangiectases characterize this skin condition

Back 136

Basal cell carcinoma

[Almost never metastasizes]

Front 137

This is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction in the skin

Back 137

Contact dermatitis

[Primarily T cell- and macrophage-mediated immunity]

Front 138

Extremely pruritic vesicular lesions associated with celiac disease are manifestations of this skin disorder

Back 138

Dermatitis herpetiformis

[May respond to a gluten-free diet]

Front 139

Abnormal proliferation of connective tissue of skin scars that results in large raised tumor-like lesions characterize this skin condition

Back 139

Keloid

[More common in African Americans]

Front 140

A blue-black papule with irregular borders are characteristic of this skin disorder

Back 140

Malignant melanoma

[Depth of invasion correlates with prognosis]

Front 141

This is a tumor arising from actinic keratosis

Back 141

Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 142

Antimelanocyte antibodies associated with cell loss in discrete areas of the skin are part of this disorder

Back 142

Vitiligo

[Often associated with other autoimmune diseases like pernicious anemia]

Front 143

Yellowish tumor-like nodules composed of focal dermal collections of lipid-laden macrophages are part of this skin disorder

Back 143

Xanthoma

Front 144

This is the major genetic cause of dwarfism

Back 144

Achondroplasia

[Most cases are due to new mutations, although may also be autosomal dominant]

Front 145

HLA-B27 is the marker associated with this autoimmune disorder

Back 145

Ankylosing spondylitis

[Fusion of vertebrae as articular cartilage is destroyed]

Front 146

A young boy presenting with clumsiness and difficulty walking with pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles is most likely this musculoskeletal disorder

Back 146

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

[X-linked; due to dystrophin deficiency; increased serum creatinine kinase]

Front 147

Small, round, blue, cell tumor of bone in children are findings of this musculoskeletal disorder

Back 147

Ewing sarcoma

[Reactive periosteal bone layers form an "onion-skin" appearance]

Front 148

Arthritis associated with monosodium urate crystals in metatarsophalangeal joints (podagra) characterize this disorder

Back 148

Gout

[Crystal deposits from tophi]

Front 149

Tumor-like formations in bone with café au lait spots and precocious puberty are part of this musculoskeletal disorder

Back 149

McCune-Albright syndrome

[Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with endocrine dysfunction]

Front 150

This musculoskeletal condition dramatically improves with anticholinesterase drugs

Back 150

Myasthenia gravis

[Disease caused by antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies]

Front 151

This is known as wear-and-tear arthritis

Back 151

Osteoarthritis

[Eburnation ("polished-ivory" appearance) is caused by erosion of cartilage and articular bone surfaces]

Front 152

Blue sclerae and multiple childhood fractures are a part of this musculoskeletal disease

Back 152

Osteogenesis imperfecta

[Blue sclerae caused by a decrease in collagen content making them translucent]

Front 153

Kyphosis and lordosis in a postmenopausal female characterize this disease

Back 153

Osteoporosis

[Age-related changes and estrogen deficiency increase bone loss]

Front 154

Most common primary malignancy of bone, frequently occuring in the knee of a male under 20 years old

Back 154

Osteosarcoma

[May see Codman triangle on x-ray as tumor lifts the periosteum; often associates with familial retinoblastoma]

Front 155

Headache, enlargement of the head, visual disturbances, and deafness are symptoms of this musculoskeletal disorder

Back 155

Paget's disease of the bone
(osteitis deformans)

[Histologically characterized as a mosaic pattern of bone with irregular cement lines]

Front 156

This musculoskeletal condition causes ulnar deviation of the fingers

Back 156

Rheumatoid arthritis

[May also find swan-neck deformity]

Front 157

Patients present with morning stiffness with symmetric involvement of the proximal interphalangeal joints in this musculoskeletal disorder

Back 157

Rheumatoid arthritis

[Majority have rheumatoid factor, an autoantibody directed against the Fc region of IgG, in their serum]

Front 158

Meningitis with increased mononuclear cells, normal or increased protein, and normal glucose in CSF are part of this CNS condition

Back 158

Acute aseptic (viral) meningitis

Front 159

Neurofibrillary tangles and senile β-amyloid plaques in elderly patients characterize this CNS disorder

Back 159

Alzheimer disease

[Associated with mutations on chromosomes 21, 19, 14, and 1]

Front 160

Common neurodegenerative diseases with dementia include these

Back 160

Alzheimer disease,
Huntington disease, and
Pick disease

Front 161

Degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons of the lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts are characteristic of this CNS disorder

Back 161

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

[May be associated with mutations of superoxide dismutase]

Front 162

Most common cause of cerebral embolic infarcts

Back 162

Cerebral atherosclerosis

[Most common location is the middle cerebral artery]

Front 163

Changes in memory and behavior followed by rapid dementia with startle myoclonus characterize this CNS condition

Back 163

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease

[Histologically characterized by spongiform change; transmission via prion protein]

Front 164

Rupture of the middle meningeal artery because of a skull fracture produces this

Back 164

Epidural hematoma

[Can be rapidly fatal]

Front 165

Most common primary intracranial neoplasm

Back 165

Glioblastoma multiforme

[As opposed to the most common intracranial neoplasm overall which is metastasis to the brain]

Front 166

Pseudopalisading arrangement of malignant nuclei are part of this CNS disorder

Back 166

Glioblastoma multiforme

Front 167

Patients present with involuntary jerky movements or writhing of the extremities in this CNS disorder

Back 167

Huntington's disease

[Autosomal dominant disease associated with trinucleotide repeat expansions]

Front 168

Atrophy of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are a part of this CNS disorder

Back 168

Huntington's disease

[Caudate atrophy leads to "bat wing" lateral ventricles]

Front 169

Most common cause of primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage

Back 169

Hypertension

Front 170

One of the most common intracranial tumors in children

Back 170

Medulloblastoma

Front 171

This tumor pushes on (rather than infiltrates) adjacent parenchyma in the CNS

Back 171

Meningioma

[Slow growing and often surgically resectable]

Front 172

This CNS disorder features the Charcot triad: nystagmus, intention tremor, and scanning speech

Back 172

Multiple sclerosis

[In a gross specimen, glassy, dirty tan periventricular plaques indicate demyelination in white matter]

Front 173

This CNS condition is associated with folate deficiency during the initial weeks of gestation

Back 173

Neural tube defects

[α-fetoprotein level is elevated in maternal serum]

Front 174

Multiple neurofibromas on the skin, café au lait spots, and Lisch nodules (pigmented hamartomas) on the iris define this CNS condition

Back 174

Neurofibromatosis (Type 1)
(von Recklinghausen disease)

[Autosomal dominant mutation in the NF-1 gene]

Front 175

Rigid, expressionless face and a pill-rolling tremor are symptoms of this CNS disorder

Back 175

Parkinson's disease

Front 176

Atrophy and gross depigmentation of the dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus characterize this CNS condition

Back 176

Parkinson's disease

[Histologically characterized by Lewy bodies which are intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic inclusionns within neurons]

Front 177

On spinal tap examination, numerous leukocytes, decreased glucose and increased protein are seen in this CNS disorder

Back 177

Pyogenic (bacterial) meningitis

Front 178

Most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Back 178

Rupture of a berry aneurysm

[Most common location of berry aneurysms is in the Circle of Willis]

Front 179

Intracranial tumor presenting with tinnitus and hearing loss is part of this CNS condition

Back 179

Schwannoma
(acoustic neuroma)

[Involves CN VII and VIII at the cerebellopontine angle]

Front 180

With this CNS condition, patients present with the "worst headache of my life," vomiting, loss of consciousness, and blood in the CSF

Back 180

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Front 181

Intracranial hemorrhage due to disruption of the bridging veins causes this

Back 181

Subdural hematoma

Front 182

Loss of pain and temperature sensation in the upper extremities are part of this CNS disorder

Back 182

Syringomyelia

Front 183

Weakness, paresthesia, and "pins-and-needles" feeling occur with this nutritive disorder

Back 183

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency

[Affects the lateral and posterior columns]

Front 184

Hemorrhage into the mammillary bodies and dorsal medial gray matter around the cerebral aqueducts characterize this CNS disorder

Back 184

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Front 185

Confusion, paralysis of the lateral rectus, and ataxia with memory loss and confabulation are symptoms of this CNS condition

Back 185

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

[Caused by thiamine deficiency, typically in alcoholics]