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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the framework of breathing consist of?
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It consists of the vertebral column, the backbone, and the thoracic or rib cage and etc.
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Airflow is the power source behind effective oral communication because....
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Air generates waves upon which sound travels.
Air flows from lungs through larynx, between the vocal folds, through resonating cavities and out of mouth and nose. Airflow is essential to speech. |
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What do muscles and other soft tissues responsible for respiratory functions attach to?
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A bony framework
consisting of: vertebrae column rib cage pelvic girdle |
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Why is the vertebral column important?
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It also serves as the primary support for the body and provides protection for the spinal cord.
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Where does the vertebral column begin and end?
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It starts at the base of the skull and goes to the coccyx (tailbone).
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How many bones are found in the vertebral column?
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33
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Name the five segments of the vertebral column, and how many bones in each.
Hint: cattailsC. |
1: Cervical vertebrae - 7
2. Thoracic vertebrae - 12 3. Lumbar vertebrae - 5 4. Sacral vertebrae - 5 5. Coccyx - 4 |
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The lower two sections (sacrum and coccyx) of the vertebral column _______,
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Fuse
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the first three sections of the vertebrae remain _________ through life
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Distinct
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How many "distinct" bones are in the adult vertebrae?
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26
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What are invetebral disks?
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Pads that sit between and separate the vertebrae above the sacrum.
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How many invertebral disks are in the body?
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24
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Name the following parts of the vertebrae: body, pedicles, neural arch, vertebral foreman and spinuous process.
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The vertebral foreman not labeled in picture. It's the hole where the spinal column would go.
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Why are the spinal processes important?
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The muscles and ligaments of the back attach to them. Also they project posteriorly and inferiorly to some degree and protect the rest of the vertebral column.
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What is the corpus in a vertebrae and what is it's shape like?
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The corpus is the body and it has a plate like shape.
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Describe where on a vertebrae to find the pedicles.
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The pedicles on the lateral sides of the body, on both sides, they project posteriorly then come back together and join at the midline.
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Where is the neural arch on the vertebrae?
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Where the pedicles join at midline.
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The vertebral foreman is _________________.
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An opening, a canal created when these vertebrae are stacked on top of another. This foreman provides passage for and protects the spinal cord.
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The transverse process is important because?
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Muscles and ligaments attach to them.
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In the thoracic vertebrae, what articulates with the transverse processes?
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Ribs
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Picture in your mind the superior and inferior articular processes, then check other side of card to see if you're right.
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What do the superior articular processes articulate with?
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Adjacent superior vertebrae or in other words the vertebrae that sits on top. It articulates with the transverse processes in the thoracic vertebrae.
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What do inferior articular processes in the vertebrae articulate with?
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They articulate with the adjacent inferior vertebrae
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What joins the intervertebral discs to the vertebrae?
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Thin layers of hyaline cartilage.
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What binds the body of the vertebrae together?
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The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments which extend through the length of the spinal column
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Do the vertebrae from the different sections (cervical, thoracic and lumbar) look exactly alike?
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No. See these photos for exampes.
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There are several other types of _________ that attach to the processes and the bodies of the vertebrae.
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Ligaments
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The canal created when the vertebrae are stacked is for what?
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The passage of the spinal cord.
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What is the cervical vertebrae?
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It is the top section of the vertebrae and also known as the neck bones.
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What is the top vertebrae called and what is unique about it.
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It is called the atlas. It supports the skull and has no body or spinous processes.
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What is the second vertebrae called and what is unique about it?
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It is called the axis. The axis sits beneath the atlas. A superior projection on the axis called the dens or odontoid process projects upward into the opening in the atlas. There is a transverse ligament that runs across the opening of the atlas next to the dens or odontoid process. This allows the atlas to have some degree of mobility. Gives it the flexibility of being able to turn, which of course will cause the head to turn.
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What is important about the atlas and the axis?
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These are important because they align and the atlas attaches to the skull and allows movement of the skull and rotation of the head
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What happens if upper cervical vertebrae are in malposition?
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May distort posterior pharyngeal wall and cause hyper or hypo nasality.
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The thoracic vertebrae are all the same. They have three ______ _______or indentations on them that articulate with the _____
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Costal facets
Ribs |
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There are ____ facets on the body of the thoracic vertebra and ___ on the transverse process.
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Two
One |
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If you need a picture of a thoracic vertebrae with the articulation facets labeled to study, it's on the next slide!
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What is the thoracic vertebrae connected to?
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The ribs or thoracic cage.
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The lumbar or lower back vertebrae attach to?
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The powerful lower back muscles.
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Give some unique facts about the lumbar vertebrae.
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It has the 5 largest and strongest vertebrae bones and considered to be the weight bearing vertebrae. Because the ribs don't attach to these vertebrae, they don't have transverse facets on their transverse process or their vertical bodies. The spinous processes run horizontally and project posteriorly.
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Tell where the sacrum is and give some basic facts about it.
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In the lower sections of the vertebrae of the back, situated between two hip bones (ilium). It fuses with the hip bones and is responsible for creating a strong pelvic girdle.
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How many bones are in the sacrum.
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There are 5 bones, attached by 4 ossified invertebral discs.
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What does the sacrum articulate with?
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It articulates with the 5th lumbar vertebra above it.
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What is a pelvic girdle?
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It is the illiac (hip bones) fused to the sacrum.
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Name the last section of the vertebrae and tell a little about it.
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It is the coccyx, also known as tailbone. It has three to four vertebrae. They form a slightly movable joint and attach to the sacrum via a small intervertebral disk.
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Describe the shape of the backbone or vetebral column.
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It's generally straight with very little variation from right to left. It is somewhat convex in the thoracic area. Somewhat concave in the lumbar area. It is slightly convex in the sacral area.
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An abnormal lateral curve of the spine is called?
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Scoliosis
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An abnormal hunchback is an abnormal convexity in the thoracic region and is known as _________.
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Kyphosis
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An abnormal swayback or concavity in the lumbar region is called __________.
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Lordosis
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The ribs articulate with the ___________
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Vertebrae
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What parts form the thoracic cage?
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The sternum, ribs, costal cartilages and thoracic vertebrae.
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What makes up the floor of the thoracic cage?
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The diaphragm.
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What parts make up the lateral and posterior walls of the thoracic cage?
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Ribs
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The anterior wall of the thoracic cage is made up of what parts?
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Sternum and costal cartilages.
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Why is the thoracic cave described as conical?
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It's narrow at at the top and broadens at the bottom.
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What is the job or purpose of thoracic cage?
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Cage encloses and protects vital organs.
Provides support for bones of shoulder girdle. Movement is important for respiration. |
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There are ___ pairs of ribs which originate posteriorly on ________________.
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12; the thoracic vertebrae.
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Tell about the first seven ribs.
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They are true ribs, called vertebrosternal, because they attach to the sternum.
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Why are the last 5 ribs called false ribs?
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They attach to the sternum via costal cartilage or in some cases, they don't attach to the sternum at all.
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What are the floating ribs?
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The last two or three of the false ribs that don't attach.
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What does the clavicle articulate with?
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Medially with the manubrium (part of sternum) and lateral ends articulate with the scalpulae (part of shoulder blade).
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What parts make up the shoulder girdle?
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Clavicles and scapulae (collar bone and shoulder blade).
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Picture the sternum and label the manubrium, body and xiphoid process parts in your mind. Look at the next slide to see if you're right.
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Where is the superior border of the manubrium?
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The jugular notch that you can feel at the top of your ribcage below your larynx.
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What articulates with the manubrium?
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The clavicle and first rib.
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What allows a small degree of movement on respiration?
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The hinge joint where the manubrium joins the sternal body.
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What is the sternal body connected to?
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It connects to six ribs on both sides.
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What do you know about the xiphoid process?
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It can have several forms; and it gives attachment to the linea alba, which is the midline of the abdomen.
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What is the trachea composed of and what does it do?
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It is16-20 C shaped cartilaginous rings that hold the trachea open and provides the transition for the air in and out of the thoracic cavity.
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Tell about the posterior wall of the trachea.
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It has trachealis muscle to fill the gap between the C rings
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Where does the trachea extend to superiorly?
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The cricoid cartilage of the larynx.
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What lines the trachea?
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Lined with ciliated mucous membraine
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Tell what the two jobs of the mucous membrane is.
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First to secrete mucous to moisten incoming air and the second is to move particles out of the trachea with it's sweeping cilia.
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What's the difference between a tracheotomy and a tracheostomy?
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A tracheotomy is the operation that creates an opening in the trachea. The tracheostomy is the actual opening that results from the operation.
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In class the professor defines breathing as:
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The mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs. It's also the mechanical process for creating sounds in the upper portion of the respiratory tract.
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The breathing passage includes what parts?
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It includes the nasal and oral cavities, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, and the lungs.
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Explain the process of respiration.
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Respiration is the exchange of gases. Oxygen passes into the lungs and eventually into the blood vessels in the lungs. Carbon dioxide leaves the blood vessels and is expelled from the lungs.
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Where is the pelvis?
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At the base of the vertebral column.
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Explain the bone/bones of the pelvic girdle.
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It is one bone, but was formed by three bones, the ilium (which is two hip bones) the ischium and the pubis.
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Picture the pelvic girdle and where the three parts are (ilium, ischium and pubis), then look at the picture next to see if you're right.
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The ilium meet and fuse with what bone on the posterior segment?
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Sacrum
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Why is the pelvic girdle important?
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Because it attaches to several postural muscles and also muscles that have to do with respiration which originate here.
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What is the pectoral girdle and where is it located?
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The pectoral girdle is located at the top of the thoracic cage. It consists of the clavicle or the collar bone or the scapula or the shoulder blade.
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What is the purpose of the clavicle?
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The clavicle helps the scapula extend sufficiently laterally and posteriorly to keep it from conflicting with the rib cage.
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Where does each end of the clavicle sit?
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One end of the clavicle sits on the upper lateral end of the manubrium. The other end articulates with the acromion of the scapula.
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What is the basic shape of the scapula and where does it sit on the body?
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It has kind of a triangular shape. Its plate rests slightly posteriorly to the upper ribs so it doesn't rub against the ribs.
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The humerus of the upper arm articulates with the ________ at a point called the _______ _______.
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Scapula
Glenoid fossa |
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How does it help to have the pectoral girdle structured in such a way that it extends the arm away from the body of on both sides of the rib cage?
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It allows for greater flexibility of the neck and back muscles.
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Describe the tissue that makes up the lungs.
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The tissue is a light, porous and spongy texture, which makes the lungs highly elastic.
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What does it mean when the lungs are described as passive?
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It means that they have to rely on the surrounding musculature and the air pressure to pump air in and out of the lungs to help them expand and contract.
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What color are the lungs at birth? What color do they become as we age, and why?
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They are white to pinkish white at birth. As we age they darken due to contamination of the atmosphere.
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Where is the apex of each lung found?
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They are found toward the top of the conical shaped rib into that narrower section of the ribcage.
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What shape are the lungs at the bottom, and what do they rest upon?
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They are concave and rest on the diaphragm.
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Where is the mediastinum and what can be found in it?
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It is the space that separates the lungs. In the mediastinum are the heart, the large vessels, the esophagus, some nerves, and part of a network of branching tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs.
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What is the closed membranous sac around the heart called?
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Pericardium
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What is a cardiac impression?
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It's an indentation (or impression) in the lungs from where the heart sits between them.
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What are the two surfaces of the lungs and where are they found
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The surface of each lung that face the mediastinum is called the mediastinal surface. The surface of the lung next to the ribs is called the costal surface.
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What do you find on the costal surface of the lungs?
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You find fissures and grooves that divide the lungs into lobes.
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Describe the right lung (as compared to the left).
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The right lung is larger than the left lung. It is broader and shorter because it has to share space inferiorly with the liver which occupies the upper right abdominal cavity..
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Both lungs have an ________ fissure and the right lung also has a _________ fissure.
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Oblique
Transverse |
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The right lung has _____ lobes and the left lung has _____ lobes.
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Three
Two |
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How many total lobes are there between both lungs?
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Five
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What is a pleurae?
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It is a covering for lungs and internal organs.
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What is another name that might be used for costal pleura?
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Parienta plura
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Describe the costal pleura.
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It is very thin membrane, air tight, that lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. It also lines the thoracic surface of the diaphragm and the mediastinum. This pleura is a serous membrane, meaning it secretes fluid.
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What is another term that may be used for pulmonary pleura?
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Visceral pleura.
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What does the pulmonary pleura cover?
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It covers the lungs and the pericardium. It sticks firmly to the lungs.
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What is the pleural cavity?
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It's the potential (not actual space between the pulmonary and costal pleuraes. The reality is that they are next to each other and with lubrication they rub back and forth next to each other without friction. There really isn't space between them.
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Why is it important that the membrane of the pleura are serious and secrete fluid?
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The fluid that is secreted is what allows the pulmonary and costal pleura to move back and forth against each other without friction. This is very important for inhalation and exhalation.
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What is pleurisy?
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It is very painful condition that occurs when there's an increase of the serous fluid that eventually builds up into layers, which causes the pleurae to rub against each other and have friction which is a very painful experience.
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What is pneumothorax?
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It is a puncture of the lining of the lungs that cause it to collapse. Only one lung would collapse, because of the mediastinum separating the lungs.
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What is atelactasis?
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It's a term for a lung collapse.
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What is the primary bronchi? Describe it.
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It is the first division of the bronchial tree. These two primary divisions arise from the lower end of the trachea. And their walls have a series of incomplete cartilaginous rings. Sixteen to twenty of them, which are made of hyaline cartilage.
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The lungs are like an upside down _____.
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Tree
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Compare the right and left bronchi.
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The right bronchi is larger in diameter is straighter because it supplies the larger lung. And the left bronchus is longer. But it is smaller in diameter.
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What are secondary bronchi and how many are found in each lung?
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They are the separation of the primary bronchi. The right lung has three and the left lung has two.
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What is tertiary bronchi?
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It is a separation of the secondary bronchi.
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The tertiary bronchi separate into __________,
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Bronchioles
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What are terminal bronchioles?
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It's the ending or terminating of the bronchial tree.
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What are respiratory bronchioles?
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These begin where the terminal bronchioles end. They contain no cartilage and there is an increase in the bronchial muscle tissue at this level.
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What do respiratory bronchioles sub divide into?
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They subdivide into alveolar ducts, which further subdivide into alveolar sacs or air sacs.
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What is alveoli and give some facts about them.
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The alveoli occur as depressions in the alveolar sacs or air sacs. It's at the level or point of the alveoli where the oxygen is actually exchanged. It's at this point that oxygen is actually exchanged for carbon dioxide in a network of capillaries making up about 1000 miles or
70-90 square meters--the size of a tennis court. There is a huge surface area of the alveoli in the lungs. |
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What is asthma?
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Asthma is when there's a swelling in the bronchioles that causes a decrease in the diameter or the bronchial branches. The smaller diameter causes an increased resistance to airflow. It's much more difficult for air to pass through bronchioles because they're smaller.
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What is emphysema?
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Emphysema is a breakdown of the partitions between the alveoli. So instead of a lot of smaller alveoli, there are fewer but larger alveoli. This causes a decreased vital lung capacity.
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What is the primary and secondary functions of the bronchia tree?
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The primary function is to breathe, and the secondary function is to vocalize.
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Much coordination between musculature is necessary for both __________and _____________.
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Respiration
Vocalization |
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When the thoracic muscles contract, what happens to the size of the rib cage?
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It increases.
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What causes the lungs to expand when the rib cage expands during breathing?
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The visceral and costal(parietal) pleurae, which are bound to the thoracic wall.
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What creates negative pressure in the lungs?
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The expansion of the lungs, creating a potential for more air.
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What happens as a result of the negative pressure in lungs?
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The lungs will fill with air until the pressure inside the lung matches the pressure of atmospheric air outside the lung.
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When do the lungs contract, and what happens when they do?
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The lungs contract after the air in and out of the lungs is equalize. When they contract, the air is forced out of the lungs..
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What is a framework for the muscles made up of cables called?
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Abdominal aponeurosis
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Describe the abdominal aponeurosis.
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They are tendinous cables made up of flat, broad tendons located in the abdominal wall. Several abdominal muscles that link to them. It fills a fairly large space between the xiphoid process of your sternum and the pubic symphysis in the pelvic girdle
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What is the abdominal aponeurosis that is found at midline in the body, from sternum to pubic symphysis called?
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Linea alba.
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Explain the rectus sheath.
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From the linea alba in the center this sheath splits and covers both layers of this rectus abdominis muscle. The rectus abdominis muscle is paired. The rectus sheath is on both the left and right side of the linea alba.
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What is the linea semilunaris?
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It is on the lateral side of the rectus abdominis muscle, where the two layers of the abdominis muscle join again to form another vertical line of aponeurosis
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As the abdominal aponeurosis continues to extend laterally what does it do?
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It divides again into three layers, superficial to deep. These layers attach to the other abdominal muscles.
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What and where is the inguinal ligament?
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It is a thickened strand of aponeurosis running from the anterior-superior iliac spine down to the pubic symphysis.
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Give some facts about the lumbar fascia, where it is and why it's important.
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• tendonous sheet in lower back.
• Attaches to spinous processes and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and to posterior part of iliac crest. • Laterally it divides into two layers, one superficial and one deep. • Several back muscles attach to it. |
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What is meant by quiet muscles of inhalation?
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These are muscles we use when we are just sitting or resting while we breath
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What are forced muscles?
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Muscles that we use when we take a major breath.
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Give some facts about the diaphragm.
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iIt s considered a quiet muscle of inspiration. It consists of a muscle and tendon. It's considered one of the most important muscles of the body.
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Where does the disphragm originate?
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It originates on the xiphoid process. It is also on the lower six ribs, the lumbar vertebrae, and the pillars called the crura.
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What is the tendon in the diaphragm called?
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The central tendon.
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What analogy for the muscle and tendon of the diaphragm does the professor find helpful in understanding it?
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He thinks of the central tendon as being the surface of a trampoline and the muscle fibers being like the springs of a trampoline.
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What happens with the diaphragm when a person inhales?
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As the person inhales and the ribs expand, the central tendon is pulled down, which increases the size of the thoracic cage and obviously the capacity of the lungs to take in air.
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Where do the external intercostal muscles attach and insert? What action do they take?
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They originate in the rib above and insert into the rib below. They pull the ribs together which elevates the rib cage.
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What are the quiet muscles of inspiration?
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The diaphragm and the external intercostals.
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Are the scalenes quiet or forced muscles? How much of a role do they play in inhalation?
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Forced
A major role. |
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What are the three sets that the scalenes are divided into?
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The anterior, medial and posterior sets.
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Where do the scalenes attach and insert and what action results from them?
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They attach to C 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. They insert into the first and secon rib. Their action is to elevate the first and second ribs.
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Where is the attachment and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and what is it's action.
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It originates from the sternum and clavicle. It inserts into the mastoid process. It's action is with the head fixed and it raises the sternum which helps elevate the ribcage.
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What muscles are forced and major muscles of inspiration?
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The scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid muscle
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What is the origin, insertion and action of the subclavian muscle.
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It originates from the first rib.
It inserts into the clavicle. It's action is to raise the first rib. |
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What is the origin, insertion and action of the pectoralis major?
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The origin is medial half of clavicle, sternum and costal cartilages.
Insertion is the humerous (note: givng it a triangular shape) The action is with arms fixed, it expands the rib cage by pulling sternum and ribs up. |
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The pectoralis minor is under the pectoralis major. Give the origin, insertion and action of the pectoralis minor.
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Origin is ribs 2 - 5
Insertion is the scapula Action is with shoulder fixed, it elevates ribs 2 - 5. |
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There are 12 pairs of costal elevators. Give the origin, insertion and action of these.
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Origin is C7 - T 11
Insertion is the rib just below the one from which it originates. It's action is to raise ribs. |
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Give the serratus posterior superior muscles origin, insertion and action.
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Origin is C7 - T3
Insertion is Ribs 2 - 5 Action is raises posterior portion of the ribs. |
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What is the serratus anterior muscle origin, insertion and action?
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Origin is first 8 ribs
Insertion is scapula Action is with shoulder fixed, raises upper ribs. |
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What is the latissimus dorsi muscle orgination, insertion and action?
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Origin is iliac crest, T6-T12 vertebrae, lumbar fascia, and lower 3-4 ribs.
Insertion is humerus. Action is with arm fixed it raises the lower ribs |
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What is the origin, insertion and action for the trapezius?
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It originates at the superior nuchal line, which runs down the vertebral column, and C7 - T12 .
Insertion is scapula and clavicle. Action is to fix or brace head while all the other muscles of inspiration move the rib cage. |
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Name all the forced muscles of inspiration that play a minor role. (Hint there are 8 of them)
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1. subclavius
2. pectoralis major 3 pectoralis minor 4. costal elevators 5. serratus posterior superior 6. serratus anterior 7. lattisimus dorsi 8. trapezius dorsi |
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Why does quiet expiration not take place due to specific muscles of expiration?
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It takes place because of the elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissue after inhalation.
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Name the major muscles of forced expiration.
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There are none! They are all minor muscles.
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Give some facts about the rectus abdominis including where to find it.
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It is found lateral to the linea alba and has three fibrous bands across the stomach and chest. The 6 pack is from some of this muscly area.
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What is the origin, insertion and action of the rectus abdominis?
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Origin is xiphoid proces and 5-7 costal cartilages.
Insertion is pubic crest, pubic symphysis. Action is to compress the abdominal wall, forcing the diaphragm up. |
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What is the origin, insertion and action for the external abdominal oblique muscle? (note, this is first of three muscles split from the linea semilunaris)
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Origin is lower 8 ribs.
Insertion is xiphoid process, iliac crest, the linea alba, and the pubic crest. Action is to compress the abdominal wall, forcing the diaphragm upward. |
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Describe the internal abdominal oblique.
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This is one of the three muscles the professor referred to when he talked about linea semilunaris and how it splits into three different parts and hooks onto the abdominal muscles. The internal abdominal oblique sits between the external and the transverse abdominal oblique.
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What is the origin, insertion and action of the internal abdominal oblique?
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Origin is inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia and iliac crest.
Insertion is lower 3 -4 costal cartilages and linea alba. Action is to compress abdominal wall, forcing the diaphragm up. |
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Give the transverse abdominus' origin, insertion and action. (remember this is one of three muscles from the linea semilunaris)
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Origin is the inguinal ligament, the iliac crest, the lumbar fascia, and the lowest six costal cartilages.
Insertion is the xiphoid process, the linea alba, and the pubic symphysis. Action is to compress the abdominal wall, forcing the diaphragm up. |
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Give the origin, insertion and action of the south quadratus lumborum.
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Origin is ileolumbar ligament, iliac crest.
Insertion is 12th rib, L1-L4 Action is to pull last rib down and fix rib cage inferiorly. |
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Name the one muscle that is both a muscle of inspiration and expiration?
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latissimus dorsi
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Give the origin, insertion and action of the subcostals.
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It's origin is near angles on inner surface of ribs.
Insertion is two to three ribs below origin. Action is to pull ribs down. |
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Origin and insertion of lattisimus dorsi are on other flash cards for inspiration. For exhalation, what is the action?
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With the arm fixed, the whole unit acts as a unit and constricts the lower part of the rib cage.
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Give the origin, insertion and action of the serratus posterior inferior muscle.
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Origin is T11 - L2
Insertion is last 4 ribs Action is pull last 4 ribs down. |
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Give the origin, insertion and action of internal intercostals.
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Origin is rib above and insertion is rib below
Action is to work with other muscles to pull the ribs downward. |
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Give origin, insertion and action of the transversus thoracis muscle.
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Origin is lower third of sternum at inner surface.
Insertion is costal cartilage of ribs 2-6. Action is to pull ribs downward and perhaps inward. |
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There are 10 muscles of expiration, all are minor. Name the ten muscles.
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Rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominus, quadratus lumborum, subcostals, lattisimus dorsal, serratus posterior inferior, internal intercostals, and transverse thoracis.
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