Branchial Apparatus I & Ii

Front 1

head fold

1)

2)

Back 1

ventral "swing" of heart and oropharyngeal membrane

closure of foregut

Front 2

formation of branchial apparatus:

1)

2)

Back 2

1) neural crest cells

2) cephalic paraxial mesoderm

Front 3

source of all connective tissues including skeleton

Back 3

neural crest cells

Front 4

source of all skeletal muscles

Back 4

cephalic paraxial mesoderm

Front 5

if drugs/alcohol is involved, you usually see problems in the

Back 5

face

Front 6

branchial apparatus includes these 4 things:

Back 6

branchial arches

branchial grooves

branchial pouches

branchial membrane

Front 7

there are ____ branchial arches

Back 7

6

Front 8

the __ arch is separated into 2 prominences: ___ & ___

Back 8

first

maxillary

mandibular

Front 9

there are ___ external grooves separating each arch

Back 9

4

Front 10

ectodermal lined depression

Back 10

stomodeum

Front 11

separated from foregut by

Back 11

oropharyngeal membrane

Front 12

forms the anterior 2/3 of the tongues

Back 12

stomodeum

Front 13

the remnant of the oropharyngeal membrane

Back 13

palatoglossal arch

Front 14

four internal evaginations of endoderm separating each branchial arch

Back 14

pharyngeal pouches

Front 15

meeting of ectoderm of branchial groove w/ endoderm of pharyngeal pouch

Back 15

branchial membrane

Front 16

3 structural components of a typical branchial arch

Back 16

ectodermal outer covering

endodermal inner lining

mesenchymal core

Front 17

ectodermal outer covering

Back 17

epidermis

Front 18

endodermal inner lining

Back 18

mucosal

Front 19

mesenchymal core

Back 19

branchiomeric mesenchyme

Front 20

mesenchymal core contains:

Back 20

1) blood vessel (endothelium of an aortic arch)

2) cartilaginous bar (forms from neural crest cells)

3) muscular component (forms from cephalic paraxial mesoderm (somitomeres))

4) cranial nerve

Front 21

the cartilage in each arch that forms from neural crest cells give rise to

Back 21

adult structures

Front 22

branchial groove 1 gives rise to

Back 22

external acoustic canal

Front 23

branchial grooves 2-4 give rise to

Back 23

cervical sinus

(usually regresses)

Front 24

maxillary does/doesn't have cartilage associated w/ it

Back 24

does not

Front 25

1) Meckel's cartilage

2) dorsal part forms malleus & incus by _____ ossification

3) ventral portion regresses

4) _____ forms by intramembranous ossification

Back 25

mandibular prominence

-endochondral

mandible

Front 26

forms maxilla, zygomatic bone, & squamous portion of temporal bone by intramembranous bone formation

Back 26

maxillary prominence

Front 27

branchial arch 1 gives rise to:

Back 27

mandibular prominence

maxillary prominence

Front 28

malleus, incus, and mandible come from which arch

Back 28

arch 1

Front 29

maxilla, zygomatic bone, and squamous portion of temporal bone come from which arch

Back 29

arch 1

Front 30

has

- Reichert's cartilage

- forms stapes, styloid process, upper 1/2 of hyoid bone by endochondral bone formation

Back 30

branchial arch 2

Front 31

which arch forms lower half of hyoid bone (by ____ bone formation)

Back 31

branchial arch 3

endochondral

Front 32

which arches form cartilage of larynx (except epiglottis)

Back 32

arches 4 & 6

Front 33

branchial arch 1 innervation

Back 33

maxillary & mandibular divisions of trigeminal nerve (V2, V3)

Front 34

branchial arch 2 innervation

Back 34

facial nerve (CN VII)

Front 35

branchial arch 3 innervation

Back 35

glossopharyngeal n (CN IX)

Front 36

branchial arch 4

Back 36

superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 37

branchial arch 6 derived structures innervation

Back 37

recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 38

branchial muscles come from

Back 38

cephalic paraxial somitic mesoderm

Front 39

branchial muscles innervation

Back 39

efferent branches of cranial nerves to branchial arches

Front 40

arch ___:

muscles of mastication

mylohyoid

anterior belly of the digastric

tensor tympani

tensor veli palatini

Back 40

branchial arch 1

Front 41

branchial arch 1 innervation

Back 41

V3

Front 42

arch __ :

muscles of facial expression

stylohyoid

posterior belly of the digastric

stapedius

Back 42

arch 2

Front 43

branchial arch 2 innerv

Back 43

VII

Front 44

arch __:

stylopharyngeus

Back 44

arch 3

Front 45

arch 3 innerv

Back 45

IX

Front 46

arch __ :

cricothyroid

levator veli palatini

constrictors of pharynx

palatoglossus

Back 46

4

Front 47

arch 4 innerv

Back 47

superior laryngeal branch of vagus

Front 48

arch __:

intrinsic muscles of larynx

Back 48

6

Front 49

arch 6 innerv

Back 49

recurrent laryngeal branch of vaugs

Front 50

- tubotympanic recess

- forms pharyngotympanic canal & cavity of middle ear

Back 50

pharyngeal pouch 1

Front 51

epithelium of palatine tonsil and tonsilar crypts

Back 51

pharyngeal pouch 2

Front 52

-dorsal portion- inferior parathyroid glands

- ventral portion- epithelial reticulum of thymus gland

Back 52

pharyngeal pouch 3

Front 53

-dorsal portion- superior parathyroid glands

-ventral portion

1) ultimobranchial body

2) associates w/ neural crest cells to form

parafollicular (c-cells) of thyroid gland

Back 53

pharyngeal pouch 4

Front 54

pharyngeal pouch structures develop ____

Back 54

bilaterally

Front 55

thyroid gland is _____ derived form pharyngeal pouches!

Back 55

not

Front 56

Thyroid diverticulum

1. endodermal-lined evagination

2. just ____ to median tongue bud

3. ________ (proximal opening of thyroglossal duct)

Back 56

caudal

foramen cecum

Front 57

Descent of thyroid gland into neck

1) ____ (narrow tube connecting thyroid gland to tongue)

2) ___ structure

3) most ____ structure

Back 57

thyroglossal duct

midline

anterior

Front 58

diverticulum- ___ and ____ down tongue and into neck

Back 58

expands

elongates

Front 59

thyroid gland is/isn't derived from branchial apparatus

Back 59

is not

Front 60

congenital malformations of Thyroid gland

Back 60

1) thyroglossal duct cyst

2) thyroglossal duct sinus

3) ectopic thyroid gland

Front 61

cyst in thyroglossal duct can form an opening on surface

Back 61

thyroglossal duct sinus

Front 62

when the thyroid doesn't descent to normal position, can be located anywhere along the path of descent

Back 62

ectopic thyroid gland

Front 63

sites of ectopic thyroid tissue

Back 63

lingual thyroid

foramen cecum of tongue

accessory thyroid tissue

pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland

Front 64

these two sites of ectopic thyroid tissue are associated with downs syndrome

Back 64

lingual thyroid/forame cecum

Front 65

most common congenital cause of a neck mass

Back 65

branchial cleft cysts

Front 66

accounts for 20% of all neck masses in children (2-3% of cases are bilateral)

Back 66

branchial cleft cysts

Front 67

branchial malformations include

Back 67

- branchial sinus, fistula or cyst

-first arch syndrome

- digeorge syndrome

- ectopic glandular tissue

Front 68

remnant of cervical sinus

not midline structures

Back 68

branchial sinus, fistulas or cysts

Front 69

branchial malformations are ___

Back 69

lateral

Front 70

cervical sinus would be along the ____

Back 70

sternomastoid

Front 71

complete branchial fistula connects pharynx w/ ___

Back 71

exterior

Front 72

- malformations of the ear, mandible, zygoma and palate

- due to insufficient migration of neural crest cells into the first branchial arch

Back 72

first arch syndrome

Front 73

DiGeorge Syndrome:

1) lack of ____ glands and ___ glands

2) facial abnormalities: ___ ears, ___ mouth

3) defects in ___ of heart and great vessels

Back 73

parathyroid, thmus

low-set, small

outflow tract

Front 74

the development of all the organs involved in Digeorge syndrome is dependent on ________ to the region of _______

Back 74

migration of neural crest cells

pharyngeal pouches

Front 75

all pouches are derived from

Back 75

endoderm

Front 76

neural crest defect would affect just as much as endoderm defect

Back 76

true

Front 77

stomodeum

1. ___ depression

2. forms ______ of oral cavity

3. ___ pouch- anterior lobe of pituitary; glandular outgrowth of ectoderm from the stomodeum of the embryo

4. oropharyngeal membrane

Back 77

ectoderm-lined

anterior 2/3

Rathke's

Front 78

all of the face is mostly associated w/ which arch

Back 78

1

Front 79

frontal prominence of head includes

Back 79

head/forehead region

Front 80

rathke's pouch (aka hypopysial diverticulum) gives rise to

Back 80

anterior pituitary

Front 81

five facial primordia

Back 81

frontonasal prominence

maxillary prominences (paired)

mandibular prominences (paired)

Front 82

the 5 facial prominences are formed from the proliferation and migration of _____

Back 82

neural crest cells

Front 83

the ____ is the major source of connective tissue components, including cartilage, bone, and ligaments in the ___ and ____ regions

Back 83

neural crest

face

oral

Front 84

stomodeum

five facial primordia

nasal placodes

medial and lateral nasal prominences

nasolacrimal groove

intermaxillary segment

cutaneous sensory innerv

muscles of facial expression

Back 84

development of face

Front 85

nasolacrimal groove:

forms between ______ processes and adjacent ____ swelling

Back 85

lateral nasal

maxillary

Front 86

placode =

Back 86

thickening of surface ectoderm

Front 87

nasal placodes begin to indent and form ___

Back 87

pits

Front 88

you have ___ and ___ nasal prominences around the pits

Back 88

medial

lateral

Front 89

pits migrate ____ toward each other

Back 89

medially

Front 90

you can see clefts in babies between the ____

Back 90

pits

Front 91

nasolacrimal groove:

connects ___ side of eye w/ ____

Back 91

medial

nasal cavity

Front 92

formed by fusion of paired medial nasal prominences

Back 92

intermaxillary segment

Front 93

forms philtrum of lip

fleshy nasal septum

premaxillary part of maxilla

primary palate

Back 93

intermaxillary segment

Front 94

intermaxillary segment forms ____ palate

Back 94

primary

Front 95

extension of intermaxillary segment

Back 95

primary palate

Front 96

frontonasal prominence innerv

Back 96

V1

(ophthalmic division of trigeminal)

Front 97

maxillary prominence innerv

Back 97

V2

(maxillary div of trigeminal)

Front 98

mandibular prominence innerv

Back 98

V3

(mandibular ldiv of trigeminal)

Front 99

face has sensory inner by branches of the

Back 99

trigeminal

Front 100

muscles of facial expression are located in _____ (hyoid) branchial arch

Back 100

second

Front 101

muscles of facial expression are inner by

Back 101

facial nerve (VII)

Front 102

muscles of facial expression associated w/ arch __

Back 102

2

Front 103

nasal pits and sacs:

______ - lined depressions

Back 103

ectoderm

Front 104

oronasal membrane:

1. rupture of _____

2. continuity between ____ and ___ cavities

Back 104

membrane

nasal, oral

Front 105

development of palate:

Back 105

primary and secondary palate

Front 106

primary palate:

forms as part of _____ segment

Back 106

intermaxillary

Front 107

secondary palate:

- forms as ___ shelves (lateral palatine processes) that lift from ____ prominences

Back 107

paired

maxillary

Front 108

secondary palate:

forms by fusion of:

Back 108

paired lateral palatine process and nasal septum

Front 109

formed from neural crest in frontonasal and medial nasal processes

Back 109

nasal septum

Front 110

separates oral and nasal cavities (except in region of pharynx)

Back 110

palate

Front 111

shelves grow from proliferation of ____

Back 111

neural crest cells

Front 112

primary palate forms from

Back 112

intermaxillary segment

Front 113

secondary palate forms from

Back 113

palatal shelves & nasal septum

Front 114

incisive foramen is landmark between ___ and ___ palate

Back 114

primary and secondary

Front 115

makes up majority of adult palate

Back 115

secondary palate

Front 116

anterior cleft malformations:

1. cleft ___

2. incomplete fusion of _____ with _____

Back 116

lip

maxillary prominence, medial nasal prominence

Front 117

posterior cleft malformation:

1. cleft ____

2. incomplete fusion of ______ and ____

Back 117

palate

lateral palatine processes, nasal septum

Front 118

epidemiology of cleft lip:

1/1000 births

occurs more frequently in ____ (80%)

incidence increases slightly w/ ____ age

Back 118

males

maternal

Front 119

epidemiology of cleft palate:

- 1/2500 births

- occurs more frequently in ___ (67%)

(palatal shelves fuse 1 week later in them)

- not related to maternal age

Back 119

females

Front 120

______ drugs (phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin) during pregnancy increases risk of cleft lip and cleft palate

Back 120

anticonvulsant

Front 121

causes of cleft palate:

- _____ of palatal shelves

-failure of shelves to _____

-inhibition of the fusion process itself

- failure of the ___ to drop btwn the shelves because of microagnathia

Back 121

smallness

elevate

tongue