Brain & Biology Test 1

Front 1

What is biological psychology?

Back 1

Exploring brain structures, pathways, & chemical to connect to behavior

Front 2

Is biological psychology more interested in external events or internal events?

Back 2

Internal events

Front 3

example of internal event

Back 3

we can see the external expression of hunger but not hunger itself

Front 4

two type of cells in the nervous system

Back 4

1. Glia

2. Neurons

Front 5

what is the chief functional difference between the glia cells and the neurons

Back 5

Neurons transmit information/communicate with each other. While glia support and insulate & help neurons send signals faster

Front 6

Cell Menmbrane

Back 6

Neurolema

Front 7

Describe the neurolema and its function

Back 7

Thin fatty tissue. Keeps everything that needs to be inside the cell inside and everything that needs to be outside of the cell outside.

Front 8

Draw, label and define parts of the nerve cells

Back 8

soma-dentrites-axon-axon terminal-synaptic vesicle-sypnatic cleft-receptor-synapse

Front 9

What are three differences between dendrites and axons

Back 9

Dendrites Axon

1. branches of the cell branches of the end

2. short long

3. more than one only one

Front 10

Where are most receptors found on the nerve cell

Back 10

1. Dendrite and 2nd place soma

Front 11

What three structures make up a synapse

Back 11

Axon terminal

receptors of the surface of the next neuron

synaptic cleft

Front 12

three types of synapses

Back 12

axo-somatic synapse

axo-dendrite synapse

axo-axonal synapse

Front 13

which type of synapse is the most common

Back 13

axo-dendrite synapse

Front 14

Define quantal release

Back 14

releasing a set amount of neurotransmitters releasing one synaptic vesicle at a time

Front 15

axoplasmic flow

Back 15

flow of cytoplasm down the axon

Front 16

What purpose of the axoplasmic flow

Back 16

serve as maintenance & repair of nerve fiber

Front 17

Who discover axoplasmic flow

Back 17

Victor Hamburger

Front 18

three types of neuron

Back 18

1. uni-polar: very rare

2. bi-polar: rare

3. multi-polar: most common

Front 19

Are there more of these neurons with very long axons (projections neurons) or more with shorter axons (local circuit neurons)?

Back 19

shorter

Front 20

name and briefly describe 3 functions of glia

Back 20

1. physical support for neurons

2. insulate & facilitate signal transmission in neurons (helps neurons travel faster)

3. forms part of blood brain barrier to prevent viruses, bacteria, parazytes ect. to get in

other: support metabolic

Front 21

What is the function of the blood brain barrier

Back 21

prevents viruses, bacteria and parazytes from getting in (harmful substances)

Front 22

Describe how glia cells assist with the blood brain barrier

Back 22

surround capillaries in the brain (wrap) . no pores or opening

Front 23

Why can Oxygen cross the walls?

Back 23

there fat soluble

Front 24

What is CSF?

Back 24

Clear fluid, that cushions the brain and spine and surrounds all the neurons

Front 25

How is CSF created

Back 25

anything that passes out of the blood brain barrier into the brain

(glucose, ion, oxygen, water molecules, amino acids)

Front 26

Where does CSF come from

Back 26

arterial blood

Front 27

What is the primary fuel for neuron

Back 27

glucose

Front 28

What does it mean when a nerve cell is "at rest"

Back 28

not communicating between cells

(door closes so neuron is not sending or receiving message)

Front 29

What numerical value represents the resting membrane potential of a typical nerve cell

Back 29

-70mV

Front 30

Why does the "resting state" require energy to maintain

Back 30

to close the door when it is at rest

Front 31

Why does the cell expend energy to maintain this "resting state"

Back 31

To create an imbalance to keep Na+ out & so when it receives the proper signal it can respond quickly

Front 32

Where (inside or outside of the neuron) is there always more Na+? more K+

Back 32

Na+ (out) K+ (inside)

Front 33

What 2 membrane mechanism maintains the unequal distribution of ions (Na+ and K+) across the neurolema when the nerve cell is at rest?

Back 33

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Selective Permeability

Front 34

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Back 34

Pumping Na+ out of cell & bringing K+ into the cell (Membrane mechanism)

Front 35

Selective Permeability

Back 35

neurons decide whether doors open or not

Front 36

Which is more important Selective permeability or Sodium-potassium Pump

Back 36

Selective permeability of neurolema. if doors aren't control it can leak back inside

Front 37

Which direction (inside or outside) does the Sodium Potassium pump move Na+ and K+?

Back 37

Na+ (outside) K+ (inside)

Front 38

What two forces move a substance across a permeable membrane?

Back 38

Osmotic

Electrical

Front 39

Osmotic:

Back 39

movement from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Front 40

Electrical

Back 40

attraction to area of opposite charge

Front 41

Na+ permeable (door opens) or not

Back 41

not permeable

Front 42

K+ permeable or not

Back 42

permeable

Front 43

when an inhibitory transmitter binds to its receptor, the membrane around the receptor becomes more permeable (a door opens) to _____ (ion)

Back 43

Cl- which enters the neuron

Front 44

subsequently, the resting membrane potential changes to approximately ________

Back 44

-71->-80mV

Front 45

The formal name for this hyperpolarization is

Back 45

IPSP

Front 46

When an excitatory transmitter binds to its receptor, the membrane around the receptor becomes slightly permeable to______

Back 46

Na+ which slowly enters the nerve cell

Front 47

As a result, the resting membrane potential changes to approximately

Back 47

-69->-60mV

Front 48

the formal name for this depoloarization is

Back 48

EPSP

Front 49

if several of these small depolarizations occur very near each other and all about the same time, they can add up and reach a point called a

Back 49

threshold

Front 50

the membrane potential at threshold is

Back 50

-55

Front 51

when the membrane reaches threshold, the membrane channel _______ ion opens fully and rushes in

Back 51

Na+

Front 52

the rushing in of the ion constitutes another electrical event called

Back 52

action potential

Front 53

what is the membrane potential at the end of the action potential

Back 53

+30

Front 54

how does the nerve cell recover from an action potential and return to its resting state? (hint: how does membrane permiability change with respect to Na+ and K+)

Back 54

K+ rushes out rapidly

Front 55

describe three differences between an EPSP and an action potential

Back 55

EPSP action potential

vary in size always same size

does not make it far all the way to the axon terminal

slow rushes in

Front 56

define refractory period

Back 56

recovery from action potential

cell goes from +30 to -70

time for neuron to reset itself

1-5miliseconds

Front 57

what would happen if suddenly there were mostly EPSP

Back 57

run away activities in the brain (seizures)

leading to heart attack

Front 58

what would happen if suddenly there were more IPSP

Back 58

no longer reaches threshold leading to death

Front 59

on what part of the nerve cell is myelin found

Back 59

myelin is like plastic coating on a wire its compose of fats and protein.

around the axon of the neuron to insulate

Front 60

what is the purpose of myelin

Back 60

to speed up signal so it will travel faster down the axon by insulating

Front 61

action potential starts at the

Back 61

axon hillock

Front 62

why cant an action potential continue to travel along an axon following myelin loss

Back 62

the axon is no longer insulated. there is no signal going through so the action potential just stops. you can't live without myelin

Front 63

what scientist discovered that nerve cells do not physically touch

Back 63

Santiago Ramon Cajal

Front 64

what scientist predicted most of the major properties of the synapse from behavioral observations of reflexes in a dog

Back 64

Charles Scott Sherrington

Front 65

Sherringtons three findings

Back 65

Transmission

Temperal Summation

Spatial Summation

Front 66

Transmission

Back 66

at the synapse is slower than electrical transmission down the axon

Front 67

Temperal Summation

Back 67

repeated stimulus occuring within a brief time of each other can have a cumulative effect

Front 68

spatial summation

Back 68

several stimuli originating from seperate locations can exert a cumalative effect when transmitted by neurons forming sypnases very close together on the same postsypnatic neuron

Front 69

what scientist in the 1920 provided evidence that communication across the synapse occurs chemically and not electronically

Back 69

Otto Loewi

Front 70

Describe Otto Loewi experiment

Back 70

Stimulated the vague nerve in a frogwhich caused the heart rate to slow down and took fluid around the heart. Put that fluid inside another frog which caused it's heart rate to slow down. Repeated experiment but with an increase heart rate.

Front 71

the 7 stages of the life cycle of a neuro transmitter

Back 71

1. synthesis

2. storage

3. transport

4. release

5. receptor activation

6. reactive

7. metabolism

Front 72

two differences between ionotropic and metabotropic effects at the receptor

Back 72

IONOTROPIC METABOTROPIC

no 2nd messenger just formation of 2nd

transmitter messenger

effects are brief/sends effects are slower

signals quick & longer lasting

Front 73

what is a second messenger

Back 73

formation by metabolic reaction

communicates to areas whiting the post sypnatic

activates 2nd messenger

Front 74

example of 2nd messenger

Back 74

cyclic AMP

Front 75

autoreceptor

Back 75

a receptor located on the axon terminal

if they are not functioning it alters communication within neurons

Front 76

Where are the autoreceptors found

Back 76

on the axon near the terminal

Front 77

What is the name of the enzyme imbedded in the post-sypnatic membrane

Back 77

protein

Front 78

what is the name of the enzyme in the axon terminal

Back 78

neurotransmitter

Front 79

Describe the ventricular system

Back 79

the R & L ventricles are embedded in the R & L cerebral hemispheres. they communicate with the 3rd ventricle. The cerbral aqueduct, which crosses the midbrain, connects the 3rd & 4th ventricles. The 4th ventricle connects with the central canal of the spinal cord.

The ventricals serve as a cite of CSF formation.

Front 80

hydrocephalus

Back 80

flow of CSF is obstructed and build-up of fluid in the ventricles increase pressure in the brain

Front 81

Gray CNS

Back 81

Nucleus:cell bodies of the sensory neurons inside the CNS

Front 82

White CNS

Back 82

Tract: In the CNS bundles of neuron process (axons & dendrites)

Front 83

Gray PNS

Back 83

Ganglion: cluster of neurons in the PNS

Front 84

White PNS

Back 84

Nerve: Axons & dendrites inside the PNS

Front 85

Gray Matter

Back 85

dendrites, soma, sypnases

Front 86

White Matter

Back 86

axons running from one place to another.

Axons cover in myelin gives it the white color

Front 87

somatic nervous system

Back 87

voluntary; all sensory info to CNS & muscle control going out

Front 88

autonomic nervous system

Back 88

involuntary; more with internal organs

Front 89

what two structures make up the CNS

Back 89

brain & spinal cord

Front 90

contralateral

Back 90

on the opposite side of the body

Front 91

purpose of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Back 91

provides nutrients & carries waste away. Provides buoyanci & cushioning. As long as the heart is beating CSF will flow. If it clogs up hydrocephelus happens.

Front 92

Frontal/coronal Plane

Back 92

front to back look of the brain

Front 93

Sagittal Plane

Back 93

looking at the brain from the side (cutting left to right)

Front 94

Horizontal Plane

Back 94

looking at the brain top to bottom (transverse cut)

Front 95

Anterior

Back 95

in front of brain

Front 96

posterior

Back 96

behind for brain

Front 97

superior

Back 97

above for brain

Front 98

rostral

Back 98

toward the brain for spine

Front 99

caudal

Back 99

toward the tail fro spine

Front 100

dorsal

Back 100

back for spine

Front 101

ventral

Back 101

front of spine