Intro To Pta

Front 1

Olfactory bulb

Back 1

Two olfactory bundles of nerves that lie on either side of the crista galli. Olfactory afferents synapse within the bulbs.

Front 2

Optic nerve

Back 2

Nerve that carries visual information from the special sensory ganglia in the eye to the optic chiasma

Front 3

Mammilary body

Back 3

Prominent nuclei on the floor of the hypothalamus; contain motor nuclei that control reflex movements associated with eating (such as chewing, licking, and swallowing)

Front 4

Cerebral peduncle

Back 4

Nerve fiber bundles on the mesencephalon. They contain 1) ascending fibers that synapse in the thalamus 2) descending fibers that carry voluntary motor commands from the primary motor cortex

Front 5

Pons

Back 5

Relays sensory information to/from cerebellum and thalamus.

Front 6

Medulla oblongata

Back 6

Relays sensory information to thalamus; autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function.

Front 7

Cerebrum

Back 7

Conscious thought processes and all intellectual function originate in the cerebral hemispheres

Front 8

Cerebellum

Back 8

Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns (adjusts output)

Front 9

Longitudinal fissure

Back 9

A deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 10

Corpus collosum

Back 10

Crossing over fibers (axons) that allow communication between the two hemispheres

Front 11

Thalamus

Back 11

Relay and processing centers for sensory information

Front 12

Frontal lobe

Back 12

Contains primary motor cortex that functions in conscious control of skeletal muscles; also associated with judgments, personality, and decision making

Front 13

Parietal lobe

Back 13

Contains primary sensory cortex that functions in conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste

Front 14

Occipital lobe

Back 14

Contains visual cortex

Front 15

Temporal lobe

Back 15

Contains auditory cortex and olfactory cortex

Front 16

Arbor vitae

Back 16

“Tree of life.” White matter of cerebellum forms a branching array. Connects cerebellar cortex and nuclei with peduncles.

Front 17

4th ventricle

Back 17

Becomes continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. CSF from the ventricles and central canal circulate into the subarachnoid pace through foramina in the roof of this ventricle

Front 18

Pineal body

Back 18

Endocrine gland that secretes the hormone melatonin. Involved in

Front 19

Corpora quadrigemina

Back 19

Sensory nuclei on mesencephalon.

Front 20

superior colliculi

Back 20

Superior receives visual inputs from thalamus

Front 21

inferior colliculi

Back 21

Inferior receives auditory data from the medulla oblongata

Front 22

Optic chiasma

Back 22

Crossing point of optic nerves

Front 23

Meninges

Back 23

Surround the brain in the cranial cavity. Provide protection, acting as a shock absorber that prevents contact with surrounding bones.

Front 24

Adipose cushion

Back 24

Mass of fat provides padding and insulation

Front 25

Cornea

Back 25

Continuous with sclera. Avascular and must obtain oxygen and nutrients from tears that flow across its surface. Contains numerous free nerve endings, making it the most sensitive portion of the eye.

Front 26

Sclera

Back 26

“White of the eye.” Dense, fibrous connective tissue. Six ocular muscles insert on the sclera. Anterior surface contains small blood vessels and nerves.

Front 27

Extrinsic eye muscles

Back 27

Originate on the surface of the orbit and control the position of each eye

Front 28

Lens

Back 28

Lies posterior to the cornea and is held into place with suspensory ligaments. Focuses the visual image on the retinal photoreceptors. Accomplishes this by changing its shape.

Front 29

Optic disk

Back 29

Axons from ganglion cells converge here and then penetrate the wall of the eye to proceed towards the optic nerve. No photoreceptor on it. Commonly known as the blind spot.

Front 30

Retina

Back 30

The innermost layer of the eye, lining the vitreous chamber. Contains visual receptors and associated neurons

Front 31

Tapetum lucidum

Back 31

Reflects light back to the retina to increase the quantity of light captured.

Front 32

Viterous humor

Back 32

Gelatinous mass. Helps maintain the shape of the eye, support the posterior surface of the lens, and gives physical support to the retina.

Front 33

Aqueous humor

Back 33

Fill anterior and posterior chambers. Forms a fluid cushion, provides an important route for nutrient and waste transport