Brain And Behavior Week 3

Front 1

3 types of tolerance

Back 1

Metabolic-the # of enzymes needed to break down alcohol increases, therefore metabolized more quickly,
Cellular-change receptor number, change release of transmitter
Behavioral (learned)body starts compensating, learn to cope while drunk.

Front 2

Name three sedative/hypnotics and two of their functions.

Back 2

Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines. They cause tolerance and cross-tolerance.

Front 3

Why are abused drugs theorized to act on dopamine neurons.

Back 3

Because rats will no longer press the bar for stimulation if the dop system is blocked; abused drugs cause a release of dop, and drugs that that block dop receptors or decrease availability of dop are not abused.

Front 4

Why is it difficult for drugs to get into the brain?

Back 4

There is the blood brain barrier, tight junctions with no gaps, and astrocytes.

Front 5

Psychomotor activation

Back 5

increased behavioral and cognitive activity, feel energetic and in control.

Front 6

Competitive Antagonist

Back 6

Blocks endogenous chemical from it's receptor site by fitting in it but not activating it.

Front 7

Sensitization

Back 7

Increased behavioral response to the same dose of a drug. Opposite of tolerance. Develops with occasional use as opposed to repeated use with tolerance.

Front 8

Where must drugs go to reach their targets?

Back 8

In/out of the blood to the extracellular fluid.

Front 9

Spanagle and Weiss

Back 9

Drugs can be rewarding in the absence of dopamine.

Front 10

Alcohol and barbiturates affect the GABA receptor, which causes what?

Back 10

An increase of Cl ions which depolarizes the inside of the cell membrane and makes it less likely to produce an AP. This inhibitory effect decreases a neuron's rate of firing.

Front 11

Dependence hypothesis

Back 11

habitual users of a drug experience psychological or physiological withdrawal symptoms when the drugs wear off so they get hooked.

Front 12

Name three places that has no BBB and their functions

Back 12

The pineal gland, allows entry of chems that affects day/night cycles; the pituitary gland, allows entry of chems that affect pituit. hormones; area postrema, allows entry of toxic subs that induce vomiting.

Front 13

Ex supporting alcohol myopia

Back 13

Drunk driving, date rape, aggression

Front 14

Ex of competitve antagonist

Back 14

Curare and Rabies which block the ACh receptor.

Front 15

Most addictive drugs cause the release of what neurons into what structure?

Back 15

Dopamine into the nucleus accumbens of basal ganglia.

Front 16

How do drugs get into the brain?

Back 16

They pass through the endothelial membrane bc the capillaries in the body are leaky and have few tight junctions. Also, small uncharged molecules can pass through these caps and reach the brain.

Front 17

Factors that could account for drug abuse

Back 17

Genetic makeup (disputed) and those who are high risk takers.

Front 18

Examples of narcotic analgesics?

Back 18

Opium--> codeine, morphine; heroin

Front 19

Time-out theory

Back 19

Suggests our behavior while intoxicated is a time out from the rules of daily life.

Front 20

What is the difference betw drugs and psychoactive drugs?

Back 20

A drug is a chemical that causes any desired change in the body whereas a PA drug alters mood,thought, behavior and acts through the CNS.

Front 21

Neurotoxicity--ecstasy, cocaine, alcohol

Back 21

Caused degeneration in rodents but didnt grow back in monkeys. Ecstacy (MDMA) found to be toxic to neurons.Cocaine-increased chance of stroke, epilepsy,memory probs. Alcohol-vitamin deficiency, memory probs

Front 22

Indirect Antagonist

Back 22

Can do any of these: block synthesis, block release, block Ca channels, increase enzyme breakdown, interfere with vesicles (leaky crowd out NT)

Front 23

Alcohol myopia

Back 23

Tendency for pple under the influence to respond to a restricted set of immediate cues while ignoring remote potential consequences.

Front 24

What are the routes of administration for drugs?

Back 24

Oral, Injection, Inhalation, and others (mucous membrane)

Front 25

Disinhibition theory

Back 25

Alcohol depresses learned inhibitions based on reasoning and judgment in the cortex and doesnt affect our more primitive instincts.

Front 26

Effects of opiates?

Back 26

Euphoria (mimics endorphins), analgesia (pain reliever), constipation, slow breathing, pre-death euphoria, vomiting

Front 27

Robinson and Berridge: Incentive-sensitization theory

Back 27

Wanting- desire for drug
Liking-enjoying the pleasure for the drug. Druggies may not like the drug anymore, but still have intense wanting for it.

Front 28

Indirect agonist

Back 28

Increases the effect of the NT without direct activation.

Front 29

James Old and Peter Milner

Back 29

First to discover a reward center in rats called the intracranial self stimulation or brain stimulation reward. Mesolimbic dopamine system

Front 30

Ex of stimulants

Back 30

Cocaine and amphetamine (both =dopamine agonists that can cause symptoms of schizophrenia)

Front 31

3 stages of addiction

Back 31

Pleasure, associative learning, incentive salience (cues that are desired).

Front 32

Ex of direct agonist

Back 32

Black widow spider. Its venom promotes the release of ACh

Front 33

Stimulants

Back 33

Increase activity of neurons, stimulate behav, high doses=irritability, psychotic eps

Front 34

What kinds of effects do drugs have on a neurotransmitter? In what places?

Back 34

It can increase or decrease the effectiveness of an NT by affecting its synthesis, storage, release, receptor interaction, inactivation, reuptake, degradation.

Front 35

Name 3 individual differences that vary ones response to drugs?

Back 35

Age, size, and gender

Front 36

Direct agonist

Back 36

A synthetic form that fits the receptor and activates it.