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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Brain and spinal cord
•Processing sensory info •Interpreting/storing info •Making decisions •Sending out motor commands |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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All nerves outside of bones of skull and spinal cord
•Carries info between body and CNS •Somatic Nervous System - Sensation and movement - Cranial and spinal nerves •Autonomic Nervous System - Sympathetic (fight or flight) - Parasympathetic (rest and digest) |
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Protection of CNS
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Brain encased in bone (skull)
Spine protected by vertebrate bones |
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Phrenology
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Study of correlation between personality and character with skull shape
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Franz Joseph gall
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Austrian anatomist (1700s)
Brain had 35 domains for specific mental functions Domains grow as used (would cause enlarged skull bumps) |
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Ablation technique
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Lesions/damage of parts of the brain
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PET: position emission tomography
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Based on PC tomography x ray images of radio-nucleotides emissions linked to specific chemicals
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fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging
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Measures ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin
This measurement relays brain activity "Active" brains have high ratios |
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Ectoderm
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Outer body tissues (nails, hair)
Nervous system (including neurons in the CNS and PNS) |
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Blastocyte
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Forms 5 days post fertilization when 100 embryonic cells form
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Embryonic disc
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Baby to be
15 days post fertilization: Blastocyte implants onto uterus |
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Placenta, sac and fluid
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Remaining embryonic cells that do not compose blastocyte or embryonic disc
15 days post fertilization |
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Endoderm + mesoderm
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Inner body tissue (organ, muscle, bone)
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Neural plate
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18 days post fertilization
Ectoderm thickens to form plate |
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Neural grove
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21 days post fertilization
Bottom of neural plate grows rapidly to form grove |
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Neural tube
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22 days post fertilization
Tops of neural grove fuse to form tube Space inside tube = ventricular space and fills with CSF |
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Spina bifida
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Lower portion of neural tube does not fuse
Will result in motor problems |
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Anencephaly
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Top portion of neural tube does not fuse (no forebrain)
Will result in death |
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28 days post fertilization
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Fore, mid, and hind brain visible
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24 days post fertilization
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Brain and heart development begin
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100 days post fertilization
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Brain looks human
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Forebrain bulge
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Telencephalon: cortex, limbic system
Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus Lateral and 3rd ventricles Bulge at top of vertebrate |
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Midbrain bulge (Mesencephalon)
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Tectum (colliculi)
Tegmentum Cerebral aqueduct 2nd bulge in vertebrate |
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Hindbrain bulge
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Pons
Cerebellum Medulla 4th ventricle 3rd bulge in vertebrate |
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Spinal Cord Region
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Central canal
Bottom of vertebrate |
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Cell birth (neurogenesis, gliogenesis)
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First stage of brain development (prenatal)
Multipotent stem cells --> precursor cells --> specialized blasts --> • nueroblast • gliobast |
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Cell migration
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Second stage of brain development (prenatal)
Once new cells stop dividing they are directed by signals from radial glia cells to final location in brain or spinal cord |
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Cell differentiation
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Third stage of brain development (prenatal)
Nueroblasts become specific types of neurons |
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Cell maturation
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Fourth stage of brain development (postnatal)
Somas remain stationary as ... Axonal growth: growth cone of axon is repelled, by repulsion factors, or attracted, by chemotrophic factors, released by other cells to reach its target to initiate synapse formation Dendritic growth: dendrites grow to provide surface area for synaptic connections; growth of dendrites corresponds with emergence of associated behavior |
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Plasticity
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Ability of brain to adapt to the world by changing physical/chemical properties and functions
• environmental adaption • injury compensation |
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Lance-Jones and Landmesser experiment
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During experiment the spinal cord of a chick was reversed, however axons still grew to proper locations. This proving the attraction/repulsion mechanism by which axons mature.
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Synaptogenesis
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Fifth stage of development (postnatal)
Formation of new synapses Synaptic development progressed by genetic programming and environmental cues |
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Synaptic pruning
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Sixth stage of brain development (prenatal)
Fine tuning of connections through apoptosis (cell death) Synaptic pruning: thinning of cortex from front to back |
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Myeologenesis
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Seventh stage of brain development (postnatal)
Axon myelination: coating of axon in fatty cells • in the CNS, the fatty cells are, oligodendrocytes • in the PNS, the fatty cells are, Schwann cells Cortex myelination: begins post birth and continues for at least 20 years • simple function regions are myelinated first, then complex function regions are myelinated afterwards |
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"Critical Period" of postnatal development
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Usually during synaptogenosis
During the CP sensory input is essential to development of synapses • more sensory input = improved function |
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Strabismus
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Abnormality in which children can not properly align their eyes, due to a lack of around-eye muscle coordination
• lack of coordination is a result of a lack of muscle usage during Critical Period of vision development |
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Hebb Experiment (1947)
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Rats raised in standard cage vs. Rats raised in "enriched environment"
• Rats raised in "enriched environment" exhibit more dendritic branches, synapses, and astrocytes • Same rats also show better sensory motor coordination and cognitive abilities Experiment proved point that stimulating environments maximize development |
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Sensory function
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Get/integrate info about the world
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Motor function
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Control movements
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