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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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corpus callosum & anterior commissure
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commissural fibers that permit communication between the 2 hemispheres of the brain
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basal nuclei
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paired masses of gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres
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functions of basal nuclei
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subconsicous control and intergration skeletal muscle tone, coordination of learned movement patterns, and processing, intergration and relay of info from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus
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basal nuclei
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amygdaloid body (body of the limbic system)
claustrum (processes visual info) caudate nucleus/lentiorm nucleus/putamen/globus pallidus |
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corpus striatum
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caudate and lentiform nucleus
part of basal nuclei voluntary motor commands |
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Limbic system
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includes nuclei andtracts along the border between the cerebrum & diencephalon
-cingulated gyrus dentate gyrus parahippocampal gyrus hippocampus |
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functions of limbic system
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establishment of emotional states
memory retrival |
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fornix
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white matter
connects the hippocampus and the hypothalamus |
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hippocampus location
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temporal lobe
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diencephalon
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epithalamus
left & right thalamus hypothalamus |
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thalamic nuclei
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provide the switching and relay centers for sensory and motor pathways
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hypothalamus
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autonomic functions
link between the nervous and endocrine systems (pituitary gland) involved w/emotions & visceral processes |
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mesencephalon
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midbrain
process visual & auditory info and generate reflex responses red nucleus substantia nigra |
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tectum
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roof of midbrain
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superior colliculi of midbrain
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intergrate visual information
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inferior colliculi of midbrain
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relay auditory information
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red nucleus of midbrain
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intergrates info from cerebrum and cerebellum
maintains muscle tone and limb position |
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substnatia nigra of midbrain
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regulates motor output of the basal nuclei
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medulla oblongata
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where spinal cord connect to brain
relays motor/sensory pathways nuclei associated w/cranial nerves reflex centers CV center respiratory center contains olivary nuclei |
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olivary nuclei
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medulla
relay info from spianl cord cerbral cortex, diecephalon and brain stem to the cerebral cortex |
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posterior column pathway/medial lemniscal system
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carries localized info from the skin and musculoksketal system about propriception, fine touch, pressure, and vibration
-fasciculus gracili -fasciculus cuneatus cross over occurs at 2nd order nuerons @ medial lemnisucs before reaches thalamus |
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fasciclulus gracilis
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lemniscal system
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fasciculus cuneatus
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lemniscal system
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spinothalamic pathway
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carries sensations of pain, temperature, and cruse senstations of touch and pressure
lateral tracts - pain & temperature anterior tracts - crude touch and pressure cross over occurs in posterior gray horn |
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lateral tracts of spinothalamic pathway
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pain & temperature
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anterior tracts of spinothalamic pathway
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crude touch and pressure
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brain stem =
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medulla, pons, & midbrain
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thin gray matter in
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thoracic segments of spine
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thick gray matter in
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lumbar and cervical segments of spine
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Ascending pathways (blue)
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dorsal column systems
posterior and anterior spincerebellar tracts tract of lissauer/dorsolateral fasciculus |
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descending pathways (red)
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lateral corticospinal/pyramidal tract
rubrospinal tract lateral retculospinal tract medial retculospinal tract vestibulospinal tract anterior corticospinal tract |
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dorsal medulla
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sensory functions
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ventral medulla
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motor functions
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controls BP & cough reflex
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medulla
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midbrain tectum
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sensory functions
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midbrain tegmentum
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motor functions
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red nucleus
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midbrain
descending pathway extrapyramidal system |
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locus ceruleus
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releases NE
involved in mood regulation in brain stem target for antidepressants |
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reserpine
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decreases catcholamine production
AE is depression due to decrease in NE which regulates mood |
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schizophrenia
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too much dopamine
tx w/dopamine blockers |
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parkinsons
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occurs when dopamine nuclei dies out in the substantia nigra in the midbrain
administer too many dopamine blockers to schizophrenics they can develop tremors at rest |
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raphe nuclei
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embedded throughout brain stem
reticular system serotonin involved w/mood, wakefulness, aggression/violent behavior |
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cholinergic pathways
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release Ach
projection pathways nucleus basilis medial septal nucleus |
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alziemers
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tx of cholinesterase inhibitors to build up Ach in the brain
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parietal lobe
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somato-sensory information
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occipital lobe
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primary visual cortex
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spinal cord
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limited to simple reflexes
31 segments 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccyngeal |
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ascending pathways
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dorsal column system
-fasciculus gracilis -fasciculus cuneatus dorsolateral fasciculus posterior spinocerebellar anterior spinocerebllar tract |
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descending pathways
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lateral corticospinal/pyramidal tract
rubrospinsal tract lateral retculsopinal tract medial reticulspinal tract vestibulospinal tract anterior coritcospinal tract tectospinal tract |
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lemniscus pathway decussats at
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brain stem
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spinothalamic tract decussates at
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the spinal cord
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discriminative touch & propioception
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ascending spinal pathway
lemiscal system |
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pain & temperature
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spinothalamic system
ascending spinal pathway |
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subconscious proprioception
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dorsal spinocerebellar tract
ventral spinocerebellar tract spino-olivary tract spinoreticular tract |
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gracile nucleus
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dorsal column nuclei in the medulla that carries senses of touch and propioception from lower body in the lemniscal system
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Cuneate nuclei
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dorsal column nuclei in the medulla has sense of touch & prioceptive info from upper body in the lemniscal system
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medial lemniscus
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where 2nd neurons decussate in the lemniscal system from the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucelus before reaching the thalamus
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lateral spinothalamic tract
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carries pain and temperature
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ventral spinothalamic tract
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carries tactile sensations from Meissner corpuscles
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substantia gelatinosa
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where 1st order nuerons of spinothalamic tract synapse
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anterior white commissure
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where 2nd order nuerons decussate
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descending tracts
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pyramidal
extrapyramidal |
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extrapyramdial tracts
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descending tracts
rubrospinal tract medial tectospinal tract lateral tectospinal tract lateral recticulospinal tract medial reticulospinal tract vestibulospinal tract medial longitudinal fasciculus |
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extrapyramdial system
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descending
part of the motor system cheifly found in the reticular formation of the pons and medulla |
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pyramdial system
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descending
travels through pyramids of the medulla corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts |
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rubrospinal tract
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originates in red nuclues
controls muscle tone in flexor group extrpyramdial tract descending |
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2 highest levels of organization
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cerebellum & corpus striaitum
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80% of corticospinal fibers
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cross over to the contralateral side in the medulla (pyradmial decussation) Those that cross in the medulla travel in the lateral corticospinal tract
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granule cell
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the only excitatory intrinsic cell of the cerebellum
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basal ganglia
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caudate
putamen globus pallidus amygdala |
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corpus striatum
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caudate
putamen globus pallidus |
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striatum or neostriatum
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putamen
caudate |
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paleostriatum
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globus pallidus
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lenticular or lentiform nucleus
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putamen and globus pallidus
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functions of corpus striatum
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control of muscle tone and posture
simple movements (gait) stabilization of movement cognitive search |
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substantia nigra
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in midbrain
plays a role reward, addiction, movement dopaminergic neurons |
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midbrain tegmentum
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extends from substantia nigra to cerebral aqueduct
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locus cerulus
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principle source of NE sythesis in brain
target of antidepressants involved in physiological responses to stress & panic |
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dopaminergic nuclei
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midbrain tegmentum
substantia nigra |
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Raphe nuclei
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release serotonin
target of SSRIs present in reticular formation |
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cholinergic pathways
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medial septal nucleus
brainstem tegmental cholinergic group nucleus basalis of meynert project in the neocortex |
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nucleus basaslis of meynert
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cholinergic neurons in substantia innominata
rich in Ach and choline acetyltransferase undergoes degneration in parkinsons and alziehmers |
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Functions of grey matter in brain stem
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suppression
gating sleep-wake cycle ascending activation system response facilitation motor relay and integration visceral regulation |
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raphe nuclei function
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gating
sleep-wake cycle |
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dorsal gray column function
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visceral regulation
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recticular system functions
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motor relay and intergration
ascending activation system |
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medulla oblongata
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cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, and vasomotor centers
located below the pons controls autonomic functions (BP, HR, breathing) |
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Dorsal medulla
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sensory functions
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ventral medulla
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motor functions
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2 reflexes in the medulla
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cough reflex
emetic reflex |
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medullary extrapyramidal nuclei
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dorsal accessory olive
inferior olive medial accessory olive dorsal paramedian nucleus |
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olivary nucleus
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in medulla
has a role in hearing |
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midbrain tectum
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sensory functions
auditory & visual reflexes |
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midbrain tegmentum
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motor functions
extends from substantia nigra to cerebra aqueduct |
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midbrain
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intergrative region
reflex eye movements head and neck movements rotational muscles of the trunk |
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red nucleus
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midbrain
extrapyramidal system descending |
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thalamus
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center of brain
regulates consciousness, sleep and alertness every sensory system has thalamic nuclei except oflactory system |
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diencephalon
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subthalamus
dorsal thalamus hypothalamus epthalamus |
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hypothalamus
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regulates body temperature, water balance, metabolism, BP, sexual and circadian cycles, secretion of the adenohypophysis, sleep, & emotion
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dorsal thalamus
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2 egg shaped structures in center of brain
gateway to cerebral cortex 8 nuclear groups |
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medial geniculate body
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dorsal thalamus
processes visual information |
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dorsalmedial thalamic nucleus
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major component of punishment system
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limbic system
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hippocampus
amygdala anterior thalamic nuclei limbic cortex |
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limbic system functions
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emotion
behavior long-term memory olfaction |
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Dorsalmedial nucleus of thalamus
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cortical suppression of limbic system
delayed responding problem solving sustaining attention cortical suppression of visceral and motor reflexes |
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hypothalamus
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6 nuclear groups:
periventricular nucleus preoptic group supraoptic group lateral group tuberal group mammiliary group |
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overall functions of hypothalamus
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homeostatic mechanisms
-energy balance -water balance -temperature regulation sexual function |
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cerebral cortex functions
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memory
attention conceptual awareness consciousness has 6 horizontal layers |
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parietal lobe
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somatosensory information
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frontal lobe consists of
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motor strip
premotor strip prefrontal cortex orbital cortex |
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occipital lobe
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primary visual cortex
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temporal lobe
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where hearing is processed
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central sulcus of rolando
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divides frontal & parietal lobes
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lateral sulcus of sylvius
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divides temporal & frontal lobes
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motor strip
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broadman area 4
precentral gyrus |
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prefrontal cortex
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connects to the thalamus via thalamic radiations
connects to the hippocampus vis the cingulum |
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gyrus rectus
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broadman area 11
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orbital cortex
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broadman area 12
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the orbital cortex inhibits somatic reflexes by
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inferior thalamic radiations and connection with recticular formation
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recticular formation
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part of the brain that is involved in actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle, and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli.[1]
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parietal lobe
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broadman area 43
primary gustatory cortex -postcentral gyrus -pareital operculum -superior parietal lobule/precuneus -inferior pareital lobule |
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occipital lobe
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broadman area 17
primary visual cortex secondary visual cortex is 18 & 19 |
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lesions in occipital lobe
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cause visual agnosia (object is seen bu cannot be identified)
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temporal lobe
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superior temporal gyrus
temporal pole middle temporal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus fusiform gyrus |
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wernicke's area
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superior temporal gyrus
area 22 provides meaning from sounds, speech, comprehension, and music appreciation |
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temporal pole
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38
connected to HC and amydala |
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temporal gyri
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provided auditory & visual associations
extensive commissural connections transcortical connections w/occipital lobe via longitudinal fasciculus |
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fusiform gyrus
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37
occipitotemproal gyrus |
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insula
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inside lateral fissure of central lobe
13 & 14 island of rell related to visceral sensibility |
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allocortex
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prefrontal and temporal lobe
single uniform layer |
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layer 1
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molecular/plexiform layer
golgi II cells |
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layer 2
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external granular layer
small basket cells/stellate cells |
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layer 3
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external pyramidal layer
layers 1-3 have corticocortical afferents commissural axons |
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layer 4
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internal granular layer
subcortical projections |
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layer 5
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internal pyramdial layer
internal band of bailarger |
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layer 6
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multiform layer
martinottis cells, the only cortical cells projecting upward to layer 1 corticothalalmic fibers (efferent fibers to thalamus) |
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broca's area
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44
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area 39
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reading comprehension
speech language |
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17
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primary visual cortex
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temporal lobe
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area 41,42, and 52
where hearing is processed |
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septum
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pleasure center of the brain
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mimic lesions in the hippocampus
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anticholinergic drugs
hippocampus is activated by Ach |
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entorhinal cortex
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temporal lobe
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fornix
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where is information is sent out from the HC to the rest of the brain
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uncus
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conscious perception
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limbic system
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hippocampus
amygadoloid complex septum olfactory nuclei basal ganglia |
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basal ganglia
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caudate nucleus
lentiform nucleus putamen globus pallidus part of extrapyradmial motor system |
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damage to hippocampus in
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alzheimers
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damage to extrapyramidal system
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depresses ability to make voluntary and causes involuntary movements
parkinsons huntingtons |
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amygadlodial complex
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part of limbic system
processes memory and emotional reactions almond shaped -corticomedial complex -basolateral complex |
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corticomedial complex of amygdaloidal complex
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olfactory
suppresses agression promotes food seeking and sexual behavior |
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basolateral complex of amygdaloidal complex
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defensive behaviors
agression sympathetic and adrenocoritcal activation |
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uncus
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consious perception of odors
projects to frontal lobe via uncinate fasciculus in the temporal lobe extremity of hippocampal gyrus |
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anticholinergic drugs mimic
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lesions in HC which is activated by Ach
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HC
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inhibits behaviors that produce bade results
short-term memory |
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papez circuit
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in HC
consolidation of memory into long term storage |
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fornix
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connect the HC to HT
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bilateral lesions in HC
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prevents new memories from forming
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dentate gyrus location
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CA4 of HC
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parahippocampal gyrus includes
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prosubiculum
presubiculum subiculum |
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dorsal septal nucleus
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pleasure center
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lateral septal nuclues
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consummatory reward
not cholinergic |
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medial septal group
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pacemaker of HC
cholinergic |
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bed nucleus of stria terminalis
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septal nucleis
function: suppress aggression |
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nucleus basalis is in the
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substantia innominata
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nucleus accumbens
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nucleis adjacent to septum
dopamine implicated in schizophrenia |
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nuclues basalis of meynert
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main source of Ach into the cerebrum
part of basal forebrain in the substantia inominata |
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early stages of alziemers
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degernation of cholinergic neurons in basal nucleus
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poorly developed in man
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olfactory tubercle
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cingulate gyrus and cingulum
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part of limbic system
receive inputs from the thalamus project to entorhinal cortex |
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habenular complex
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medial and lateral
recieve cholinergic inputs |
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glial cells include
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oligodendrocytes
astrocytes microglia ependymal cells |
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oligodendrocytes
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for myelin sheaths
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astrocytes
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help form CNS & BBB
secrete neurotrophic factors take up K+ neurotransmitters |
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microglias
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modified immune cells
act as scavengers |
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ependymal cells
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create barriers between compartments & source of neural stem cells
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MW > 500 daltons
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cannot cross BBB
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3 main parts of brain
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1. The cerebrum fills up most of your skull. It is involved in remembering, problem solving, thinking, and feeling. It also controls movement.
2. The cerebellum sits at the back of your head, under the cerebrum. It controls coordination and balance. 3. The brain stem sits beneath your cerebrum in front of your cerebellum. It connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls automatic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate and blood pressure. |
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chief type of cell destroyed by Alzheimer's disease.
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nuerons
Alzheimer's disease disrupts both the way electrical charges travel within cells and the activity of neurotransmitters. |
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areas affected by alzheimer's dx
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* The cortex shrivels up, damaging areas involved in thinking, planning and remembering.
* Shrinkage is especially severe in the hippocampus, an area of the cortex that plays a key role in formation of new memories. * Ventricles (fluid-filled spaces within the brain) grow larger. |
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huntingtons dx affects the
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mainly affects the brain and spinal cord and abnormal brain cells are mainly found in the areas deep down in the brain that control movement (caudate nuclei and striatum).
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3 main parts of brain
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1. The cerebrum fills up most of your skull. It is involved in remembering, problem solving, thinking, and feeling. It also controls movement.
2. The cerebellum sits at the back of your head, under the cerebrum. It controls coordination and balance. 3. The brain stem sits beneath your cerebrum in front of your cerebellum. It connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls automatic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate and blood pressure. |
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chief type of cell destroyed by Alzheimer's disease.
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nuerons
Alzheimer's disease disrupts both the way electrical charges travel within cells and the activity of neurotransmitters. |
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areas affected by alzheimer's dx
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* The cortex shrivels up, damaging areas involved in thinking, planning and remembering.
* Shrinkage is especially severe in the hippocampus, an area of the cortex that plays a key role in formation of new memories. * Ventricles (fluid-filled spaces within the brain) grow larger. |
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huntingtons dx affects the
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mainly affects the brain and spinal cord and abnormal brain cells are mainly found in the areas deep down in the brain that control movement (caudate nuclei and striatum).
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