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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dura Mater |
-Covers spinal cord -tapers to coccygeal ligament -epidural space seperates dura mater from walls of vertebral canal |
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Arachnoid |
-Interior to dura mater are the subdural space, the arachnoid and the subarachnoid space -Subarachnoid space contains CSF |
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Pia Mater |
-Meshwork of elastin and collagen fibers -Innermost meningeal layer -Denticulate ligaments extend from pia mater to dura mater |
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Gray Matter |
-cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, interneurons, and neuroglia |
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Posterior Gray Horn |
-contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei |
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Anterior Gray Horns |
-deal with somatic motor control |
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Lateral Gray Horns |
-contain visceral motor neurons |
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Gray Commissures |
-Contain axons that cross from one side to the other |
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Ascending Tracts |
-Relay information from the spinal cord to the brain -all sensory tracts cross over at entry level or a few segments above medulla -right side sensory inputs are interpreted by the left cortex |
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Descending Tracts |
Carry information from the brain to the spinal cord -Motor pathway carried by 2 or 3 neurons |
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Ascending Tracts: 1st Order |
Sensory neurons with dendrite in spinal nerve and cell body in dorsal root ganglion |
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Ascending Tracts: 2nd Order |
Cell bodies in cord or medulla |
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Ascending Tracts: 3rd Order |
Cell bodies in thalamus and axons project to sensory cortex |
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Ascending Sensory Tracts: Lasciculus cuneatus |
-Muscle position sense and fine touch of the upper limb - 1st order to medulla -> 2nd order cross over in medulla to thalamus -> 3rd order to cortex |
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Ascending Sensory Tracts: Lateral Spinothalamic |
-pain and temperature -1st order to spinal cord -> 2nd order cross over in spinal cord to thalamus -> 3rd order to cortex |
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Descending Tracts: Pyramidal (cerebrum) |
fine movement |
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Descending Tracts: Extra-pyramidal (cerebellum) |
automatic mov't balance and muscle tone |
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Spinal Nerves: |
Consist of: -Epineurium, Perineurium, and Endoneurium Naming: -Cervical named for inferior vertebrae -All other named for superior vertebrae Formation: union of dorsal and ventral roots of SC -Mixed after joining (sensory and motor) -Each pair of nerves monitor one dermatome |
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Spinal Nerves: Dorsal Root |
Sensory Neurons and dorsal root ganglia (contains cell bodies) |
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Spinal Nerves: Ventral Root
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Cell bodies of motor neurons |
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White Ramus |
Myelinated axons |
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Gray Ramus |
Unmyelinated axons that innervate glands and smooth muscle |
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Dorsal Ramus |
Sensory and Motor innervation to the skin and muscles of the back |
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Ventral Ramus |
supplying ventrolateral body surface, body wall and limbs |
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Dermatome
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Sensory nerves from skin |
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Nerve Plexus: |
-complex interwoven network of nerves
-mixing of ventral rami in certain areas of vertebral column which supply skin and muscle appendages |
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Nerve Plexus: Cervical Plexus |
-C1 to C5 -supplies parts of head neck and shoulders -phrenic nerve: C3 to C5, keeps diaphragm alive -damage to cord above C3 causes respiratory arrest |
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Nerve Plexus: Brachial Plexus |
-C5 to T1 -Supplies shoulder and upper limb -superior to 1st rib and under clavical -Axillary n. = deltoid & teres m. -Musculocutaneous n. = elbow flexors -Radial n. = shoulder and elbow extensors -Median & ulnar nn. = flexors of wrist & hand |
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Nerve Plexus: Lumbar Plexus |
-L1 to L4 -Supplies abdominal wall, external genitals& anterior/medial thigh -Injury to femoral nerve causes inability to extend leg& loss of sensation in thigh -Injury to obturator nerve causes paralysis of thigh adductors |
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Nerve Plexus: Sacral Plexus |
-L4 to L5 and S1 to S4 -anterior to sacrum -suplies buttocks, perineum, and part of lower limb -sciatic nerve (L4 to S3) supplies post thigh & all below knee -Peroneal nere injury = foot drop or numbness -Tibial nerve injury = calcaneovalgus (loss of function on anterior leg & dorsum of foot) |
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Sciatic Nerve |
-Common nerve and tibial nerve behind the knee -sciatica pain extends from butt down leg to foot -may be sign of herniated disk |
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Sensory Neurons |
deliver info to CNS |
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Motor Neurons |
distribute commands to peripheral effectors |
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Interneurons
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interpret info and coordinate responses |
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Neuronal Pools |
-functional groups of interconnected neurons (interneurons) -limited input sources and output destinations -may stimulate or depress parts of brain or spinal cord |
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Divergence |
-spreads stimulation to many neurons or neuronal pools in CNS
-Ex: Visual stimuli travels to brain & postural adjustments are made at same time |
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Convergence:
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-Brings input from many sources to single neuron
-Dual control of breathing muscles -> voluntary & involuntary |
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Serial Processing:
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-Moves information in single line |
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Parallel Processing: |
-moves info along several paths simultaneously -provides a means to have multiple responses to one stimuly (hand from hot stove and saying ouch) |
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Reverberation: |
-positive feedback mechanism -until fatigued or inhibited -maintain consciousness and muscle coordination |
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Spinal Reflexes: |
-Automatic responses coordinated with spinal cord -produce simple and complex reflexes |
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Spinal Reflexes: Sensory |
-10 mill -deliver info to CNS |
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Spinal Reflexes: Motor |
-about 1/2 mill -deliver commands to peripheral effectors |
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Spinal Reflexes: Interneurons |
-about 20 bill -interpret, plan, coordinate signals in & out |
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Reflex arc: 1 |
Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor |
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Reflex arc: 2 |
Activation of sensory neuron
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Reflex arc: 3 |
Information Processing
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Reflex arc: 4 |
Activation of motor neuron |
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Reflex arc: 5 |
Response by effector |
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Classifying Reflexes: Innate vs Acquired
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Genetically determined vs. learned |
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Classifying Reflexes: Somatic vs. Visceral (autonomic) |
skeletal muscle, superficial and stretch reflexes vs. actions of smooth and cardiac muscles glands and adipose tissue |
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\Classifying Reflexes: Monosynaptic vs polysynaptic |
one synapse vs multiple synapses |
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Classifying Reflexes: Spinal vs. Cranial |
Processing in the spinal cord vs brain
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Monosynaptic Reflex: |
-Stretch reflex
-automatically monitors skeletal muscle length and tone (patellar knee jerk) |
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Monosynaptic Reflex: Muscle spindles
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-specialized sensory receptors which are contractile only at ends which are innervated by gamma motor neurons |
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Monosynaptic Reflex: Gamma motor neuron |
-keeps muscle spindle slightly contracted to increase sensitivity via increasing impulses of afferent neuron
-Alpha motor neuron |
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Monosynaptic Reflex: Patellar Reflex |
-Strike patella tendon -> stretches quads -> muscle spindle stimulated -> afferent neuron -> alpha motor neuron -> quad contracts -> extension of leg -inhibits alpha motor neuron of antagonist muscles (hamstrings) |
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Polysynaptic Reflex: |
-more complicated responses
-interneurons control more than 1 muscle group -produces epsps or isps ex. tendon reflex or withdrawal (flexor or crossed extensor reflex) |
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Polysynaptic Reflex: Characteristics |
-involve pools of neurons -are intersegmental in distribution -involve reciprocal inhibition -reverberating circuits -> prolong reflexive motor response -several reflexes cooperate -> coordinated controlled response |
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Polysynaptic Reflex: tendon reflex |
-prevents skeletal muscles from: developing too much tension, tearing or breaking tendons -sensory receptors unlike muscle spindles or proprioceptor |
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Polysynaptic Reflex: Withdrawal Reflex |
-Move body part away from stimulus (pain or pressure) -Strength and extent of response: depends on intensity and location |
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Control of spinal reflexes:
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-can facilitate or inhibit motor patterns based in spinal cord -Motor control = series of interacting levels -> monosynaptic reflexes are the lowest level -> brain centers modulate or build on motor patterns are the highest -reflexes can be inhibited |
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Control of Spinal Reflexes: reinforcement
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-facilitation that enhances spinal reflexes |
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Brain: |
-forms from the three swellings at the tip of the developing neural tube |
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Brain: Prosencephalon |
-forms the telencephalon and eventually the cerebrum and diencephalon
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Brain: Mesencephalon/Midbrain
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-B/w diencephalon and pons
-two types of tissue -nerve tracts connect, asc (SC to thalamus) and desc. (cerebral cortex to pons & SC) -other nuclei: Red nucleus, substantia nigra, RAS headquarters (specialized area of reticular formation, alertness and attentiveness) |
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Brain: Rhombencephalon |
-forms the metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
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Brain: Pons |
-located under midbrain -2 main nerve tracts: Longitudinal tracts (connect medulla and cerebrum) and Transverse (connect halves of cerebellum and brain stem) -Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus (for four cranial nerves) -subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers -Nuclei that help control respiration- apneustic and pneumotaxic |
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Brain: Medulla Oblongata |
-connects brain to spinal cord -relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem -autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function called olivary nuclei and cardiovascular and respiratory rythmicity centers (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activites) -reticlar formation begins in the medulla oblongata and extends into more superior portions of the brainstem. |
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Brain: Cerebrum |
-Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions -memory storage and processing -conscious and sub regulation of skeletal muscle contractions |
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Brain: Cerebellum |
-adjusts postural muscles and tunes on-going movement
-Cerebellar hemispheres: anterior & posterior lobes, Vermis, Flocculonodular lobe -coordinates complex somatic motor patterns -Superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles link cerebellum w. brains stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and SC,-interconnects the two cerebellar hemispheres. |
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Brain: Diencephalon- Thalamus |
-relay and processing centers for ascending sensory info -coordinates the activites of the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei |
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Brain: Diencephalon- Hypothalamus
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-centers controlling emotions (hunger, libido), autonomic functions (blood pressure, water, gi mobility and secretions) -somatic motor activites at subcon level -coor'd activites of endocrine and nervous -secrete hormones- stim or inhib release, releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone body temp, voluntary and autonomic functions, circadian cycles |
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Brain: ventricles
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-central passageway of the brain enlarges to form ventricles
--contains CSF |
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Brain: CSF
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-cushions delicate neural structures
-supports brain -transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products --Pathway of CSF circulation= produced at Choroid plexus ->travels through the lateral and medial apertures to subarachnoid space-> diffuses across arachnoid granulations into superior sagittal sinus |
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Brain: Blood supply |
-blood brain barrier isolates neural tissues from general circulation
-incomplete barrier: -parts of hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, choroid plexus. |
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Brain: Cranial Meninges
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-continuous with the three layers of spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
-folds of dura mater help stabilize the position of brian |
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Falx Cerebri |
wall b/w 2 hemispheres of cerebrum |
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Tentorium Cerebelli |
wall b/w cerebrum and cerebellum |
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Falx Cerebelli |
wall b/w 2 hemisphere of cerebellum |
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Brain: Cerebral Cortex |
-surface contains gyri and sulci fissures -longitudinal fissure separates two cerebral hemispheres -central sulcus separates front and parietal lobes -temporal and occipital also bounded by sulci |
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Gray Matter |
-primary motor cortex of the precentral gyrus, directs voluntary movements -primary sensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus receives somatic sensory info -> touch, pressure, pain, taste, temp |
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Brain: Frontal Lobe |
-Primary motor cortex of the precentral gyrus directs precise voluntary movement through motor neurons -> Pyramidal cells -> descending pathway -> pyramidal tracts -> criss cross in medulla -> SC (lateral corticospinal tract) |
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Brain: premotor cortex |
-coordinates sequential movement, like musical intruments -lower in premotor area is speech(broca's) -higher intel functions- neurons connect with both motor and sensory cortex area |
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Brain: Parietal Lobe |
-Post Central Gyrus: skin sensory impulses pain, temp, pressure -Posterior to primary sensory area is somatic association area -> tactile determination, taste, understanding speech |
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Brain: Temporal Lobe |
-Auditory -> hearing -Olfaction -> smell -interpretation of auditory impulse, reading, and some memory |
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Brain: Occipital Lobe |
-Visual area -visual association area - interpretation |
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Brain: Association areas |
-control our ability to understand sensory info and coordinate a response
1. somatic sensory association area 2. visual association area 3. somatic motor association area |
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Brain: general interpretive areas |
-receives info from all sensory areas -present only in left hemisphere |
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Brain: speech center |
-regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization |
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Brain: Prefrontal cortex |
-coordinates information from secondary and special association areas -performs abstract intellectual functions |
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Brain: Hemispheric Differences |
-Left hemisphere typically contains general interpretative and speech centers and is responsible for language based skills -right hemisphere is typically responsible for spatial relationships and analyses |
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Brain: white matter of the cerebrum |
-myelinated tracts, and Contains: -association fibers-> connects and transmits impulses between gyri in SAME hemisphere -commisural fibers-> corpus callosum and anterior/posterior commisure connects/transmits impulses between gyri of opposite hemisphere -projection-> descending motor, ascending sensory (then criss cross) |
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Brain: Basal Nuclei/ganglia |
-caudate nucleus -globus pallidus -Putamen: control muscle tonw and coordinate learned gross movement patterns |
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Briain: Diencephalon- Epithalamus |
another part |
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Limbic System: |
-cerebral cortex diencephalon combined -emotional responses (fear, anger, pleasure, etc) -Structures: amygdaloid body, cingulated gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, fornix |
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Brain: Mesencephalon/Midbrain- Cerebral Peduncles |
-gray matter nuclei -2 pair called Corpora Quadrigemina 1. Superior Colliculi - coord mov't eye and head to visual stimuli 2. coord mov't head and trunk to sounds |
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Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
-Measure brain activity 1. alpha waves - healthy resting adult 2. beta waves - concentrating adult 3. theta waves - normal children/frustrated adults 4. Delta waves - normal during sleep |
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Focus: Cranial nerves |
12 pairs -> each attaches to the ventrolateral surface of the brainstem near the associated sensory or motor nuclei -involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves |
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Olfactory Nerves (I) |
-carry sensory info responsible for the sense of smell -synapse within olfactory bulb |
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Optic Nerves (II) |
-carry visual info from special sensory receptors in eyes |
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Occulomotor nerves (III) |
-Primary source of innervation for the 4 of the extraocular muscles |
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Trochlear Nerves (IV) |
Innervate the superior oblique muscles |
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Trigeminal Nerves (V) |
mices nerves with opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches |
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Abducens Nerve (VI) |
innervated the lateral rectus muscles of the eye |
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Facial Nerves (VII) |
-Mixed nerves that control muscles of face and scalp -provide pressure sensations over the face -receive taste info from the tongue |
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Vestibulocochlear neves (VII) |
-vestibular branch monitors balance, position, and movements -cochlear branch monitors hearing |
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-Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) |
-mixed nerves that innervate the tongue and pharynx -control the action of swallowing |
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Vagus Nerve (X) |
-mixed nerves -vital to the autonomic control of visceral function |
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Accessory Nerves (XI) |
-Internal branches: innervate voluntary swallowing muscles of the soft palate and pharynx -External Branches: control muscles associates with the pectoral girdle |
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Hypoglossal Nerves (XII) |
Provide voluntary motor control over tongue movement |