Bp Exam 1 Ch 3

Front 1

Central Nervous System

Back 1

CNS located in the skull and spine
composed of brain and spinal cord

Front 2

Peripheral nervous system

Back 2

PNS located outside the skull and spinal cord
composed of somatic ns and autonomic ns
serves to bring info into the CNS and carry signal out of CNS

Front 3

Somatic nervous system

Back 3

interacts with the external environment
composed of afferent nerves and efferent nerves

Front 4

Afferent Nerves

Back 4

carry sensory signals from skin, joints, eyes, ears, etc. to the CNS

Front 5

Efferent Nerves

Back 5

carry motor signals from CNS to the skeletal muscles

Front 6

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 6

Regulates internal environment

sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic motor nerves

Front 7

Two stage neural path

Back 7

sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons project form the CNS and go part way to target organ, synapse on second-stage neurons that carry signal rest of way

Front 8

sympathetic neurons synapse on second-stage neurons....

Back 8

substantial distance from target organ

Front 9

parasympathetic neurons synapse on second-stage neurons....

Back 9

near target organ

Front 10

Sympathetic Nerves

Back 10

project form the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic regions of spinal cord.

simulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations- fight or flight

indicative of psychological arousal

Front 11

Parasympathetic Nerves

Back 11

project from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord

act to conserve energy, rest and restore

indicative of psychological relaxation

Front 12

Meninges

Back 12

protective membranes (3)

Front 13

Dura Mater

Back 13

tough, outer membrane of the meninges

Front 14

Arachnoid membrane

Back 14

middle membrane of the meninges. web-like.

Front 15

Subarachnoid space

Back 15

space beneath arachnoid membrane, contains large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

Front 16

Pia Mater

Back 16

innermost membrane of the meninges. delicate. adheres to the CNS surface.

Front 17

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 17

serves as cushion. fills the subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain

Front 18

Blood-brain barrier

Back 18

mechanism that impedes the passages of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain

Front 19

Neurons

Back 19

Cells that transmit and receive electrochemical signals
specialized in reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals

Front 20

Dendrite

Back 20

receive signals

Front 21

Soma

Back 21

Body of cell

Front 22

Axon

Back 22

projects from cell body, carries signal

Front 23

Myelin Sheath

Back 23

fatty, insulation around axon

Front 24

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 24

gaps between sections of myelin

Front 25

Synapses

Back 25

gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

Front 26

Nucleus

Back 26

contains DNA

Front 27

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 27

system of folded membranes in cell body

Front 28

ER with ribosomes

Back 28

rough-synthesizes proteins

Front 29

ER without ribosomes

Back 29

smooth-synthesizes fats

Front 30

Ribosome

Back 30

structures on which proteins are sythesized

Front 31

Golgi complex

Back 31

system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles

Front 32

Mitochondria

Back 32

sites of aerobic (oxygen-consuming) energy release

Front 33

Microtubules

Back 33

responsible for rapid transport of material throughout neuron

Front 34

Synaptic vesicles

Back 34

located in synapse, spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release

Front 35

Neurotransmitter

Back 35

molecules that are release in synapse that influence activity of other cells

Front 36

Cell membrane

Back 36

lipid bilayer- 2 layers of fat molecules

Front 37

Channel protein

Back 37

certain molecules can pass through cell membrane

Front 38

Signal protein

Back 38

transfer a signal to the inside of neuron when particular molecules bind to outside of cell membrane

Front 39

Unipolar Neuron

Back 39

one process extending from cell body

Front 40

Bipolar Neuron

Back 40

2 processes extending from cell body

Front 41

Multipolar Neuron

Back 41

more than 2 processes extending from cell body

Front 42

Interneurons

Back 42

short axon, or no axon. job is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals between structures.

Front 43

Glial Cells

Back 43

support neurons
outnumber neurons 10:1

Front 44

Oligodendrocytes

Back 44

extensions rich in myelin.
create myelin sheaths in CNS

Front 45

Schwann Cells

Back 45

create myelin sheaths in PNS
guide axonal regenerations (regrowth)

Front 46

Astrocytes

Back 46

largest glia
star shaped
many functions

Front 47

Microglia

Back 47

smallest glia
respond to injury and disease

Front 48

Anterograde tracing

Back 48

forward
to where axons project away from an area

Front 49

Retrograde tracing

Back 49

backward
from where axons are projecting into an area

Front 50

Spinal cord

Back 50

gray matter, white matter, dorsal and ventral horns

Front 51

gray matter

Back 51

inner component. primarily cell bodies

Front 52

white matter

Back 52

outer area mainly myelinated axons

Front 53

Dorsal Horns

Back 53

afferent, sensory, nerves.

Front 54

Ventral Horns

Back 54

efferent, motor, nerves

Front 55

Divisions of the brain

Back 55

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

Front 56

Forebrain

Back 56

telencephalon
diencephalon

Front 57

midbrain

Back 57

mesencephalon

Front 58

hindbrain

Back 58

metencephalon
myelencephalon

Front 59

Myelencephalon

Back 59

MEDULLA
composed largely of tracts
origin of the reticular formation
most posterior

involuntary functions-breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

Front 60

Metencephalon

Back 60

PONS AND CEREBELLUM
many tracts- includes reticular formation

Front 61

Pons

Back 61

ventral surface of the brain stem
breathing and eyesight

Front 62

Cerebellum

Back 62

Coordination and balance
sensory motor structure

Front 63

Mesencephalon

Back 63

MIDBRAIN
includes reticular formation and substantia nigra

Front 64

Reticular Formation

Back 64

netlike structure that occupies the myelencephalon to the midbrain. Variety of functions.

Front 65

Substantia nigra

Back 65

important component of the sensorimotor system

Front 66

Diencephalon

Back 66

THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS

Front 67

Thalamus

Back 67

2 lobed structure at top of brain stem
operator. sends messages to other parts of brain

Front 68

Hypothalamus

Back 68

Below thalamus
Aggression, fear, sexual behavior.
Regulates sleep, appetite, temperature, and water. Regulates release of hormones from the pituitary gland

Front 69

Telencephalon

Back 69

CEREBRAL CORTEX
LOBES
LIMBIC SYSTEM
BASAL GANGLIA

Front 70

Corpus Callosum

Back 70

connects the two hemispheres

Front 71

Limbic system

Back 71

Mammillary Bodies,Hippocamus, Amygdala, Fornix, Cingulate, Septum
regulation of motivated behaviors
4 Fs: fleeing, feeding, fighting, sexual behavior

Front 72

Hippocampus

Back 72

converts STM to LTM
recalling spatial relationships
Limbic system

Front 73

Amygdala

Back 73

memory, emotion, fear
Limbic system

Front 74

Cingulate gyrus

Back 74

highly influential in linking behavioral outcomes to motivation
Limbic system

Front 75

Prefrontal gyrus

Back 75

frontal lobe
executive functions
cognitive processes
planning and control

Front 76

Postcentral gyrus

Back 76

parietal lobe
sensory reception
Somasensory!!!
Sense of touch!

Front 77

Neocortex

Back 77

involved in higher functions

Front 78

lobes

Back 78

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal