Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is metabolism? |
-all biochemical processes that take place inside a living organism
-requires energy
|
|
|
What is ATP? |
-adenosine triphosphate- an energy storing molecule
-only lasts a few seconds
-ATP must be constantly produced by cell
-plants use ATP produced by photosynthesis for their immediate energy needs |
|
|
C3, C4 plants |
-C3: 3-Carbon compound- performs better at lower temps
-C4: sugar cane, corn, grasses, (1000 sp)- tropical/arid regions- 4-Carbon compound- allows higher photosynthesis rate at higher temps |
|
|
CAM |
-Crassulacean Acid Metabolism- found in about 30 families of plants, occur in arid areas
-cacti, orchid, succulents, bromeliads
-stoma of CAM plants closed during day to reduce water loss- Phase 1 during day, stoma open at night, absorb CO2 and store it till the next day- Phase 2 uses C02 |
|
|
chemical equation for glucose |
C6 H12 6O2 |
|
|
Cellular Respiration |
-release of energy from glucose molecule using O2, takes place in all living plant cells 24 hrs/day |
|
|
Glycolysis |
Step 1 in cellular respiration: series of reactions in cytoplasm of cell, controlled by enzymes:
1)Glucose molecules converted to fructose 2) fructose molecule splits into two fragments 3)Hydrogen, energy, water molecules removed from fragments- leaving pyruvic acid |
|
|
Aerobic Respiration |
(uses O2) Step 2 in Cellular respiration (follows Glycolysis) -occurs in mitochondria
1)Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle 2)Electron Transport |
|
|
Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle |
step 1 in Aerobic respiration
-CO2 released from pyruvic acid, high-energy electrons released, Hydrogen removed from molecule, energy is released- NADH, FADH store Hydrogen ions- CO2 released |
|
|
Electron Transport |
-use NADH and FADH as electron donors
-as electrons are carried along transport, ATP released (36 ATP produced)- oxygen is electron recipient |
|
|
Phase 1 of Photosynthesis |
-requires light to occur -occurs inside thylakoid membranes -units of light energy (photons) strike chlorophyll molecules 1) water molecules are split apart, release electrons (-) and hydrogen ions (+) O2 gas released 2)electrons from split H20 molecule passed along electron transport system 3)energy-storing ATP is formed 4)some H+ from split water molecules are used to form NADPH from NADP |
|
|
Phase 2 of Photosynthesis |
-does not require light to occur, usually occurs at same time as Phase 1 -occur outside thylakoids in stoma of chloroplast -uses ATP and NADPH from Phase 1 to form sugar -Calvin Cycle: C02 is combined with 5-Carbon sugar to form glucose- energy and electrons needed come from ATP and NADPH |
|
|
paper Chromatography purpose |
-separates pigment types out of chlorophyll so that they are visible
-carotenes at top (orange/yellow) -xanthophylls (yellow) -chlorophyll a (blue/green)- 3 types, more abundant in chloroplasts than chlorophyll b -chlorophyll b (yellow/green)- transfers light energy to chlorophyll a, increases range of light spectrum what plant can absorb energy from |
|
|
Growth |
-irreversible increase in mass due to the division and enlargement of cells |
|
|
Development |
-The coordination of growth and differentiation of a single cell into multi-cellular tissues and organs |
|
|
Nutrients |
furnish the elements and energy for plant growth and maintenance- a lack of nutrients restricts the normal development of plants- plants typically obtain all of their nutrients from air and soil |
|
|
Vitamins |
-play an important role in reactions catalyzed by enzymes. Most are coenzymes or part of coenzymes: organic molecules that participate in catalyzed reactions- functioning as electron acceptors or donors -synthesized in the membranes and cytoplasm of cells |
|
|
Hormones |
-influence developmental phenomena -produced mostly in actively growing regions of plants -transported from their point of origin to another part of the plant where they have specific effects, such as causing stems to bend, initiating flowering, or even inhibiting growth -act by chemically binding to specific receptors- the effect is initiated by this hor |
|
|
Auxins |
--plant hormone produced in tip of plant (meristem) that promotes cell elongation
-trigger production of other hormones
-first plant hormone discovered |
|
|
Gibberllin |
-promotes stem elongation, can promote flowering and dormancy in different forms -mostly inactive in plants, precursed to active forms - |
|
|
Cytokinins |
-cell division in plant roots and shoots -via xylem, phloem and parenchyma cells |
|
|
Abscisic Acid |
-hormone that inhibits growth -found in plastids/fleshy fruits -helps leaves to respond to excessive water loss |
|
|
Ethylene |
-simple gas that can promote plant growth, and has also been found to be produced naturally by plants parts, like fruits, flowers and seeds
-can be produced in high concentrations by plant in respond to trauma event
-used in agriculture to promote plant/fruit ripening |
|
|
Apical dominance |
-the suppression of the growth of the axillary buds (lateral) by tips of the branches. Apical dominance is believed to be brought about by an auxin-like inihbitor in a terminal bud
-strong in trees with conical shapes and little branching toward the top
-weak in trees that branch more often |
|
|
Plant Movement |
-results from varying growth rates in differet parts of an organ |
|
|
Nutations |
-spiral movement |
|
|
Nodding |
-back and forth like a pendulum (legumes)
|
|
|
Nastic |
-random, no response to stimulus |
|
|
Phototropism |
-plant bends towards the light if it is trapped in a dark space with a small channel of light
-shoot tips of most plants have positive phototropism, roots are either neutral or have negative phototropism |
|
|
Gravitropism |
-growth responses to the stimulus of gravity- roots have positive gravitropism, shoots have negative (bean experiment) |
|
|
thigmotropism |
-plant response to contact with solid object
-coiling, etc |
|
|
Structure of DNA |
-double helix, strands run in opposite directions |
|
|
James Watson |
discovered structure of DNA and won Nobel Prize for it |
|
|
Francis Crick |
discovered structure of DNA with James Watson, also discovered triplet code used in RNA as form of communication |
|
|
Gregor Mendel |
-discovered fundamental laws of inheritance--genes come in pairs and are inhertited as distinct units one from each parent- segregation of genes- dominance/recessive genes
-pea-plant experiments |
|
|
Pea Plants and inheritance of traits |
-Mendel cross-bred pure breed of species plants and found that a tall plant mating with a short plant always produced a tall, not intermediate. He then let that generation pollinate itself (since pea plants can do that) and found a mixed ratio of offspring heights |
|
|
alleles |
-paired factors (which always occur in pairs) that control the inheritance of various characteristics
-one allele may conceal the expression of the other.. first generation will be born with dominant characterisitc, second generation can be born with recessive |
|
|
Phenotype |
-the physical appearance of the organism |
|
|
Genotype |
-genetic information responsible for contributing to that phenotype |
|
|
homogzygous |
-both alleles of a pair are identical |
|
|
heterozygous |
-pair is composed of contrasting alleles |
|
|
genes |
-act as instructions to make proteins |
|
|
simple dominance |
-dominant allele defines phenotype expression of the trait |
|
|
incomplete dominance |
-neither member of a pair of genes completely dominates the other- a heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype to the two homozygotes |
|
|
codominance |
- recessive and dormant traits appear together |
|
|
epistatis |
one gene being dependent on another modifier gene
-have different effects in combination than individually |
|
|
pleiotropy |
-one gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits |
