Botany Final

Front 1

coevolutionary associations

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when plants and animals rely on each other and subsequently change over time based on this relationship

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Angiosperms use animals in 3 ways

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protection, pollination, and fruit/seed dispersal

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outbreeding vs. inbreeding

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out: uniting sperm and egg from genetically different plants of same species; in: self-fertilization

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outbreeding is better than inbreeding because

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genetic diversity

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Plants attract animals for pollination by:

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rewards, scent &/or colors (nectar guides) (bracts)

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abiotic dispersal

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using wind or water

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biotic dispersal

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animals poop seeds out, fruits change colors, dry fruits attach to body of an animal (external dispersal)

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earliest fossils

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stromatolites

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endosymbiosis

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prokaryotic cell ingested by another cell and living there as an organelle

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secondary endosymbiosis

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endosymbiosis of a eukaryotic cell by another eukaryote

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5 types of protists

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euglenids, dinoflagellates, stramenopiles, red algae, chlorophytes

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euglenids

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autotrophic, contractile vacuole, eyespot, pellicle, chloroplasts from secondary endosymbiosis, chlorophyll a+b, E storage= paramylon

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dinoflagellates

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accessory pigment= peridinin, chloroplasts from secondary endosymbiosis( happened twice), E storage= starch, celluslose plates- 2 perpendicular grooves with flagella, some bioluminescent, algal bloom, red tide

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stramenopiles

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2 flagella: 1 smooth, 1 "hairy", chloroplasts from secondary endosymbiosis of red alga, chlorophyll a & c and fucoxanthin, E storage= laminarin

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diatoms (stramenopile)

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2 silica "glass shells", make insecticides and filters

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golden algae (stramenopile)

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often form colonies, can have cellulose or silica

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brown algae (stramenopile)

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multicellular "seaweeds", cellulose embedded in matrix of algin, **biggest protist group**

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red algae

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lack flagella, sister to green plants, primary endosymbiosis, accesory pigment: phycobilins, E storage= Floridean starch, cell walls= cellulose embedded in polysaccharides, ex: agar

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chlorophytes

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green algae, sister to streptophytes, primary endosymbiosis, chlorophyll a&b, E storage= starch, cellulose cell wall

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fungi

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heterotrophic organisms that are sister to animals (not plants)

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dominant generation in fungi

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haploid

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heterotrophic (fungi)

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absorptive mode of nutrition

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fungi are mainly:

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saprophytes (absorb nutrients from dead stuff), also parasites, some symbiotic, some predatory

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fungi cell wall

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chitin

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fungi E storage

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lipids

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fungi body

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mycelium (mass of multicellular filaments- hyphae)

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Do fungi have vascular tissue?

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No!

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what kind of spores on fungi?

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Abundant spores; asexual and sexual; sexual spores used to characterize each group

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symbiotic fungi on/in plant roots

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mycorrhizal fungi

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fungi inside roots

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endomycorrhizae (90% of all plant species)

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fungi on outside of roots

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ectomycorrhizae

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Fungal groups

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Chytrids, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Lichens

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chytrids

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primitive fungi, has zoospores

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zygomycetes

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black bread molds, for zygosporangium-> meiosis-> ascospores

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ascomycetes

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sac fungi, septa in hyphae w/ simple spore, forms ascus-> meiosis-> ascospores

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examples of ascomycetes

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ergot- hallucinogen, LSD
brewer's yeast

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basidiomycetes

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mushrooms, dikaryotic filaments (contain 2 different types of nuclei) with specialized cross walls that control flow of organelles (dolipore septa)

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sexual part of mushroom life cycle

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2 nuclei-> basidium-> meiosis-> basidiospores

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reproductive structure that bears basidia

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mushroom

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specific area on the mushroom that bear basidia

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gills

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lichens

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symbiotic association between fungus and alga, fungus= house, alga= food-maker

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lichens reproduce by ____ reproduction by ___

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asexual reproduction by propagules

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3 types of lichens

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crustose= "crusty"
fruticose= "bushy"
foliose= "leafy"

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shared derived charatres of ALL green plants:

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Chlorophyll a+b
starch
2 anterior flagella

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streptophytes characteristics

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cell division w/ phragmoplast
sperm with 2 subapical flagella
oogamy (large egg fuses w/ small sperm)
complex multicellular body w/ parenchyma tissue and plasmodesmata(cytoplasmic channels between cells)

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Charophytes

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coloechaete probably very similar to ancestor of land plants, gametophyte generation is the only persistent generation

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why did more advanced land plants become less dependent on water?

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directly related to water dependence (less dependent on wter you are, the more land area you can colonize)

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Embryophytes

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"land plants"

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Why did embryophytes move onto land?

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water provides bath of nutrients, constantly hydrated and supported BUT has a very limited amount of light and CO2

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Embryophytes adaptations to living on land

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spores with a sporopollenin wall (resists drying out and decay)
flavonoids (uv protection)
cuticle
archegonia(egg producing) and antheridia (sperm producing)
embryo (protects young plant)
apical meristem

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1st group of living embryophytes

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"bryophytes"

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why is "bryophytes" bot monophyletic?

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because tracheophytes are not included

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sporangium

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general term for spore-producing structure in a plant= capsule in bryophytes

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liverworts 2 types of growth forms:

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thallose and leafy (90% of species)

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thallus

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plant body that lacks true leaves, stems, and roots

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stalked body that grows by cell elongation

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sprophyte

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mosses

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erect lefy dominant gametophyte w/ creeping "stems" and multicellular rhizoids

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mosses gametophyte body possesses:

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hydroids (water-conducting), and leptoids (food-conducting)
no true xylem or phloem

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mosses capsule possesses:

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stomata w/ guard cells

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economic and useful moss:

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sphagmun moss

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mosses incresing adaptations to life on land:

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stomata= regulated pores for gas exchange and transpiration
polyphenolics= chemical compounds for rigidity ex: lignin

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why would u need more support on land?

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gravity force

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tracheophytes characteristics

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sporophyte dominant generation!
branched plant body developing more specialized apical meristems
true vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)!

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why a branched sporophhyte dominant life cycle?

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allows for production of many spoers
harmful recessive alleles can be masked
genetic variation

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Lycophytes

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spike-mosses, club-mosses, and quillworts

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Microphylls

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in Lycophytes; small leaves with one vein

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True Roots

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in lycophytes; multicellular, complex, underground organ for absorbing water and nutrients

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Lateral sporangia

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in lycophytes; on sprophylls, often concentrated in specialized areas= strobilus

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Development of heterospory

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in lycophytes; sprorophyte body that produces two different types of spores (megaspores and microspores) -> unisexual gametophytes

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Euphyllophytes characteristics

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multiflagellate sperm
endogenous roots
overtopping growth (unequarl branching of apical meristem)
megaphylls = large leves with many veins

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seed plants characteristics

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axillary branching- lateral buds
secondary growth
wood- vascular cambium
heterospory- allowed for evolution of SEED!

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ovule

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young seed (with unfertilized egg and integument)

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seed

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mature ovule (w/ fertilized egg)

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gymnosperms

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coniferls, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes

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conifers

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cone-bearing plants

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conifer characteristics

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simple magaphylls (needles or scales)
well-developed wood
cone
microsporangia on strobilus

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ex: of conifer

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pacific yew= source of taxal -> used to treat ovarian cancer

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cycads

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like coontie
palm-like growth
soft wood
coralloid roots (cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen & produce toxins)
seeds in a strobilus
seeds dispersed by vertebrates (also contain cycasin)

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ginkgo

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1 species "living fossil"
deciduous trees
simple leaves with dichotomous venation
trees with long shoots and spur shoots
microsporangia clustered on strobili
medicinal plant for improving memory

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gnetophytes

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3 genera left today, share some characteristics with angiosperms

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angiosperms characteristics

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simple leaves w/ network of veins
xylem w/ vessel elements
sieve tube elements and companion cells
female gametophyte (embryo sac)
double fertilization
flower
fruit

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microsporangia

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pollen sacs

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microspores

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pollen grains

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major angiosperm groups

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"basal families"
magnoliids
monocots
eudicots