Botany

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Vascular(tracheophytes) plants

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tissues conduct water throughout structure

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Nonvascular Plants

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lack tissues for conducting water. No seeds, flowers. Few CM in heigt

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Angiosperms

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produce flowers as reproductive organs.

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Gymnosperms

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produce seeds without flowers.

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annuals

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single growing season

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biennials

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two growing seasons

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perennial

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grow continuously

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Sepals

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small, green leafy structures that enclose the flower.

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Petals

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brightly colored to attract insects and birds for pollination.

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Pedicel

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short branch of stem that supports flower.

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pistil

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female reproductive organ. Includes stigma, style, ovary and ovules.

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stigma

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sticky surface at top of pistol that traps pollen grains.

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Style

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slim vase-like structure that surrounds ovary

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ovary

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hollow bulb shaped structure in lower part of pistil. becomes fruit.

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Pollen grain

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Divides through mitosis creating tube nucleus, generative nucleus.

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Pollen tube

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Hollow tube that takes the pollen grain through the style to the ovules.

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Tube nucleus

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Directs the growth of the pollen tube

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Sperm nuclei

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two nuclei that will fertilize egg cell producing a zygote and another that will fertilize the endosperm wich feeds the growing embryo

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Shoot apex

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composed of meristem tissue(undifferentiated cells capable of quick growth and specialization) and is where elongation of stem occurs.

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Terminal bud

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beginning of a new set of leaves.

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Terminal bud scar

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spot where previous years terminal bud was located. New terminal bud and shoot apex developed every year.

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Fruit

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matured ovary

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alternation of generations

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Alternating stages of sporphyte and gametophyte phases of a plants life. Sporic or diplohaplontic life cycle. A diploid (2n) sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid (1n) reproductive cells, often called spores. Haploid cells undergo mitosis to produce a gametophyte. The gametophyte produces haploid gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygotic sporophyte

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Simple fruits

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Form from single ripened ovary.

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compound fruit

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Develope from many separate ovaries.

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aggregate fruit

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many ovaries from a single flower fuse together.

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multiple fruit

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many ovaries from separate flowers fuse.

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Seed

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contains embryonic plant, stored food and seed coat.

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cotyldons

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embryonic leaves in seed that store energy and food for germination.

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dicots

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ie:oaks, flowers, vegetables. Two cotyldons, leaves have branched or networked veins, vascular bundles arranged in rings, taproot system with small secondary roots, flowers with petals in multiples of 4 or 5.

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monocot

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ie:grasses, lillies, palms. One cotyledon, parallel veins in leaves, random arrangement of vascular bundles, fibrous roots, flowers with petals in multiples of 3.

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nodes

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locations along stem where new leaves spout.

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internodes

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space between nodes

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lateral buds

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beginning of new leaves

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vascular tissue

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stem tissue consisting of xylem and phloem

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xylem

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long tubular cells. transports water.

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phloem

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stacked cells connected by sieve plates. Transports food made by leaves.

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cuticle

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waxy covering of epidermis to reduce water loss

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mesophyll

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area between upper and lower epidermis

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palisade layer

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vertically aligned cells with numerous chloroplasts. most photosynthesis occurs here.

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Vascular bundles

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transport sugars from photosynthesis.

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spongy layer

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Allows for exchange of gas

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stomata

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holes on underside of leaf. allow moisture and gases to move in and out of the leaf

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primary roots

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extend downwards

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lateral roots

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extend horizontally

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4 main structural regions

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Root cap, meristematic region, elongation region, maturation region.

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Root cap

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composed of dead thick walled cells to protect the root as it puches through the soil.

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mistematic region

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produces undifferentiated cells through mitosis that forms the elongation region.

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Elongation region

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cells differentiate, large vacoules form, cells grow. Become part of maturation region.

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types of primary root tissue

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root hairs(absorb nutrients from siol), epidermis

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Cross section of root tissue

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has cortex consisting of parenchyma(thin-walled loosely packed) cells. allows for flow of gasses and uptake of minerals. inside cortex endodermis acts as a filter. center of root is vascular cylinder.

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How does water travel through the xylem?

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Cohesion and transpiration draws water upwards.

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How is food transported?

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Source cells containing manufactured sugars from photosynthesis are transfered to the phloem through active transport. The buildup of sugar in the phloem causes osmosis and the resulting water pressure pushes the sugars throughout the plant.

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Vegetative Propagation

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Form of asexual reproduction in plants producing genetically identical offspring

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Plant hormones

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Giberellins cytokinins abscisic acid. ethylene, auxins

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Giberlins

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Cell division and cell elongation

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cytokinins

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Cell division and fruit developement

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abscisic acid

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Opening and closing of stomata controlling transpiration and forming winter buds.

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Ethylene

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Ripening of fruit, metabolic activity (producing female flowers)

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Auxins

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Growth Factors

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Tropism

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Involuntary response of an organism to external stimuli

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Phototrophic

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positively phototrophic stems grow towards light. Negatively phototrophic roots grow away from light.

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Geotrophic

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Stem grows away from center of the earth roots grow towards it

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Photoperiodicity

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leaves and flowers grow based on relative periods of light and darkness