Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Phenolic |
-Compound that contains a phenolic group -Actions: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial -Herbs: abundant in nature especially in plants -Readily accept/donate electrons |
|
|
Phenylpropanoids |
-Derived from phenylalanine -Used to make hydroxy cinnamic acids which are precursors for phenylpropene, polyphenol, and coumarins |
|
|
Hydroxy cinnamic acid |
-Derived from phenylpropanoid; has a carboxylic acid group attached to it -Actions: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic -Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acids -Rosmarinic acid (Antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic) |
|
|
Phenylpropene |
-Derived from hydroxy cinnamic acid; has a 3 carbon side chain with a double bond -Actions: carminative, antimicrobial -Herbs: Anise, fennel, clove -Long-term use -> hepatotoxic
|
|
|
Polyphenol |
-Has more than one phenolic group -Precursor of flavonoids, curcuminoids, stilbenoids, and lignans |
|
|
Flavinoids |
-Polyphenol with 2 phenyl rings and heterocyclic ring -Derivatives of flavones, isoflavones, flavanol, anthocyanidins |
|
|
Curcuminoids |
-Derived from polyphenol; phenylpropanoid dimer -Actions: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, chologogue -Curcumin (Tumeric) |
|
|
Stilbenoids |
-polyphenol -Actions: antioxidant, anti-aging, phytoestrogenic -Resveratrol - grapes, blueberries, peanuts |
|
|
Lignans |
-Derived from polyphenol -Actions: phytoestrogenic, antioxidant, anticancer -Secolsolariciresinol -Flax, sesame seeds |
|
|
Flavones |
-Flavonoids with a ketone -Actions: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihistimine -quercin -onions, citrus (hesperetin, ,nariginenin), leafy vegetables, tea |
|
|
Isoflavones |
-Actions: phytoestrogenic, antioxidant, anticancer -Genistein, daidzein -soy |
|
|
Phenolic acids |
-Actions vary depending on structure -gallic acid (tannins), salicylic acid, benzoic acid, ellagic acid (pomegranate) |
|
|
Hydroquinone |
-Drived from a phenol -Action: urinary astringent, antimicrobial -Arbutin found in bearberry -Generate free radicals |
|
|
Flavan-3-ols |
-Lack ketone and double bond -Actions: antioxidant, anticancer, UV absorbent -Catechin, epecatechin -Tea, chocolate |
|
|
Anthocyanidins |
-Derivative of flavonoids -Actions: antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-adherence -High amounts in flowers and berries |
|
|
Tannins |
-Phenolic compound that binds to and precipitates another compound -Actions: Astringent, antimicrobial, antioxidant -Hydrolyzable tannins: gallic acid glycosides, ellagic acid glycosides - witch hazel, oak, pomegranate, tea -Condensed tannins (non-hydrolyzable): proanthocyanidins - blueberries, elderberries, grapes -High amounts can irritate bowels, liver, and kidneys |
|
|
Flavonolignans |
-Derived from lignan -Actions: hepatoprotective, antioxidant, inhibits P-glycoproteins -Silybin (Milk thistle) -barberry |
|
|
Coumarins |
-Derived from hydroxy cinnamic acid -Actions: Antispasmodic, smooth muscle relaxant, lymphatic, antiderma, antihypertensive -Courmarin, umbelliferone, scopoietin, aesculin -Red clover, cinnamon, crampbark, horse chestnut -Caution: anticoagulent, hepatoxic |
|
|
Furanocoumarin |
-Derived from coumarins -Contains furan ring -Phytochemicals: psoralen, bergamottin, aflatoxin -rue, grapefruit, wild parsnip, giant hogweed -Caution: Photosensitizer, grapefruit inhibits phase I liver detox, hepatotoxic |
|
|
Pthalides |
-Derived from coumarins -Has a lactone group -Actions: Relax smooth muscles, lowers blood pressure -3-n-butylphthalide -Celery, garden angelica, don quay |
|
|
Benzoquinones |
- |
|
|
Napthoquinone |
-quinone fused to benzene ring -Actions: antimicrobial, vermifuge, dark red brown pigments, antioxidant/provident, laxative -Juglone, Vit K, Coenzyme Q10 -Black walnut, henna |
|
|
Quinone |
-Hydroquinone + benzoquinone |
|
|
Anthraquinones |
-Quinone with two benzene rings -Actions: Stimulating laxative, antimicrobial, possible anti-depressant -Anthraquinone, sennoside A -Senna, rhubarb root, aloe resin, St. John's wort -Can affect electrolyte balance and interact with drugs |
|
|
Alkaloids |
-Derived from phenylalanine |
|
|
Protoalkaloids |
-Actions: Mixed effects on NS, sympathomemetic, hallucinogenic -Mescaline, ephedrine -Ephedra, peyote, San Pedro cactus, bitter orange -Caution: pregnancy and blood pressure |
|
|
Indoles |
-Alkaloid with an indole group -derived from tryptophan -Action: interacts with serotonin receptors -DMT, serotonin 5 hydroxytryptamine, ergotamine, reserpine |
|
|
Piperidine |
-Actions: mixed effects on NS -Indian tobacco (lobeline - induces vomiting), black pepper (piperidine - carminative, increases drug absorption), poison hemlock (conine - paralysis) -Caution: pregnancy
|
|
|
Imidazole |
-pilcarpine (jaborandi) -Action: stimulates parasympathetic NS |
|
|
Pyrrolidine & pyridine |
-Nicotinc acid (pyridine) -Nicotine (Pyridine & pyrrolidine) |
|
|
Tropanes |
-Effects NS -Actions: analgesic, anticholinergic, sympathomimetic -Tropane alkaloid, atropine, scopolamine, hygrine -Deadly nightshade, jimson weed, coca -Caution: narrow therapeutic index, death |
|
|
Isoquinolines |
-Actions: Antimicrobial, bitter, antimalarial -Berberine, hydrastine -goldenseal, barberry, oregon grape
|
|
|
Quinolines |
-Actions: antimicrobial, antimalarial, bitter -Quinine, quinoline -Cinchona tree, tonic water |
|
|
Quinolizidine alkaloids |
-Actions: emmenogogue, antiarrhythimic -N-methylcystisine, sparteine -Blue cohosh |
|
|
Purine |
-Actions: stimulant, diuretic, bronchodilator -caffeine, theobromine -Coffee, tea, chocolate -Caution: pregnancy |
|
|
Pyrrolizidine |
-Actions: unknown -Symphytine -Comfrey, borage, coltsfoot -Caution: hepatotoxic |
|
|
Organosulfur compounds |
-Organic compound that contains sulfur -Actions: antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, detoxifier -suloraphane, allicin, amino acids -onions, garlic, scallions, brussel sprouts -Induces phase II liver detox |
