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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 common examples of symptoms
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blight
gall chlorosis wilting |
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4 examples of signs
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root rot
leaf spot vascular wilts Abnormal growth |
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Physical evidence of spores or fungal matter are considered? sings or symptoms?
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signs
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difference between primary and secondary symptoms?
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Primary occur at the sight and secondary occur away from
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3 ways that disease is spread? (there are many)
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wind
insect rain splashed roots mechanically |
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advantage of using a moist chamber?
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it enhances sporualtion in fungus's
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2 types of culturing media?
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Defined and undefined- defined= contains known ingredients in precise amounts, undefined= the exact composition is unknown
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With in defined and undefined culturing media how else can medias be different?
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Selective or differential...
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Who described koch's postulates?
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Robert Koch in 1882
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4 steps to koch's postulate?
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Determine if there is a problem
Isolate it inoculate it Re-isolate to determine that it is the same. |
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A beam of eclectrons is passed through objects on a grid, with the resulting image magnified and converted to visible light for viewing?>
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TEM Transmission electron Microscopy.
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This involves evaporating molten metal at an angle in a vacuum?
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Shadowing
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A beam of electrons scans the surface of stuctures in tissues that have been dehydrated?
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Scanning electron microscopy SEM
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What kingdom is oomycetes in??
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Chromista
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Difference between oomycete and true fungi? 2
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cell walls are composed of cellulose rather than chitin and the hyphae are nonseptate.
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The vegetative state of oomycetes are haploid or diploid?
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diploid
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Asexual reproduction in oomycetes is done so by
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sporangia.
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Two ways sporangia can reproduce?
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germinate to either a germ tube or form zoospores
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Define a zoospore, how does it move
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Oomycetes, asexual and move with two flagella
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Cooler temps trigger what production by sporangia in oomycetes?
Warmer? |
Zoospores
germ tubes |
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Nickname of oomycetes
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Water molds
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Describe sexual reproduction in oomycetes
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The oogonium and the antheridium, the antheridium fertilizes the oogonium to produces oospores.
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How are oospores and sporangia related?
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they both reproduce with either zoospores or germ tubes.
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These fungi have septate hyphae?
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Ascomycetes
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Ascomycetes have what kind of life cycle?
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dikaryotic (1N + 1N)
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Ascospores are....
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sexual spores in Ascomycetes
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Where are ascospores stored?
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Ascus
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An unenclosed asci is considered
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a naked asci
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The fruiting body that encloses the asci?
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Ascocarp.
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3 Kinds of ascocarps and describe them.
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Ascoma- round and enclosed
Perithecium- round or flask shaped with an opening Apothecium- saucer shaped |
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A mass of hyphal tissue
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Stroma
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An overwintering resting structure for ascomycetes?
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Sclerotia
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Asexual spores for ascomycetes and what are they borne on?
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conidia or conidiophores
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3 examples of ascomycete plant diseases
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E. Filbert blight
Leaf curl on peach Dutch Elm disease |
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Powdery mildews are _____ _______
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obligate biotrophs
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What helps powdery mildews spread?
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High humidity
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How are powdery mildews unlike fungal pathogens?
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They grow epophytically on plant surfaces
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Specialized absorption cells that extend into the plant epidermal cells to obtain nutrition. Produced by ascomycete powdery mildews?
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Haustoria
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The powdery mildews that produce hyphae that are within the life tissue are considered to have this style of growth?
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Endophytic
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Powdery mildew ascomycetes produce their sexual ascospores in a...
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Chasmothecium
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Chasmotheciums are used as __________ ________ by _______
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overwintering structures by powdery mildew ascomycetes
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how to chasmotheciums help the overwintering process
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they attah to tree bark with something similar to velcro
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Are powdery mildews poly or monocyclic?
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ploy
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Fungal names based on the asexual structures are called
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Anamorphic names
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What is the classification of conidiophores based on?
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The presence or absence of a fruiting body
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3 conidiophore classifications that have no fruiting body
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Seperate from eachother
grouped to form a synnema tangled in a mass called sporodochium |
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2 conidiophore fruiting body styles
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Flask shaped pycnidium
inside a saucer shaped acervulus |
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Some ascomycetes produce ______ which are masses of dark, thick-walled hyphae, that function as survival structures
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sclerotia
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2 examples of Anamorphic ascomycetes
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Verticillium wilt
Early blight of potato or tomato |
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What do basidiomycetes produce? on what?
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Basidiospores on basidium
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How many basidiospores are produced on each basidium
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usually 4
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Difference between ascomycetes and basidiomycetes?
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basidomycetes aren't produced inside a sac.
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fruiting bodies in Basidiomycetes are called
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basidiocarps
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Inside basidiocarps are
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basidia and basidiospores
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Hyphal clamp connections are found in what fungi group?
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basidiomycetes
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5 basidiomycete categories?
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Wood rot
root rot stem rot rust smut |
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These produce conks
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Wood rot
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This basidiomycete category spreads through roots and produces mushrooms at the bottom of trees
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root rot
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How many spore types do rusts produce?
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5
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T-
B- S- A- U- |
Telia- teliospore
Basidia- basidispore spermogonia- spermatia Aecia- aeciospores Uredia- urediospores |
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Rusts that produce 3-5 spore types
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Macrocyclic
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Rusts with only teliospores and basidiospores
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microcyclic
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Rusts that produce only uredospores are
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asexual rusts
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Rusts such as coffee rust that complete the disease cycle on one plant are called
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autoecious
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Rusts such as stem rust of wheat, are those that msut infect two different plant species are called?
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Heteroecious
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Most smut fungi produce only 2 spore types...
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Teliospores and basidiospores
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3 ways a smut can infect plants and examples
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Local infection- corn smut
Seedling infection- Head smut of corn Flower infection- Loose smuts of cereals |
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How are bacteria classified into two groups? what are the groups?
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Gram stain
Positive and negative. |
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How are bacteria and fungi different?
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Bacteria are much smaller and don't produce fruiting structures
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Name 4 of 6 techniques for diagnosis of bacterial diseases?
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Observation
Gram stain Culture Motility and flagella arrangement |
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2 Ways observation of bacterial signs takes place?
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Ooze- the Exudate found after cutting a plant
Bacterial streaming- bacteria flowing from a cut |
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What color is a gram positive?
Neg? |
Blue
Colorless |
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2 bacterial flagella arrangements
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Polar or peritrichous
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This tests for the presence of an enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain?
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Oxidase
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This tests the ability of a bacterial isolate to metabolize a carbohydrate by oxidation or by fermentation?
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oxidation-fermentation
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What are typical symptoms of a virus? (3)
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Leaf curl
Chlorotic mosaics clearing of veins |
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Describe patogenicity
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used in finding viruses is uses the indicator hosts.
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Give 3 examples of ways to find test for viruses.
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ELISA
Pathogenicity Transmissibility |
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Describe ELISA
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Using immunostrips we tested to make sure the virus was there. Just dip it in and wait for either two lines which means yes or one = no
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how many segments do nematode have?
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non segmented
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What do nematodes attack?
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Roots and secondary symptoms are wilts or chlorosis
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Describe tylenchida nematodes
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They have a three-part stylet and a three-part esophagus
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Describe Dorylaimida nematodes
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They have a two part stylet and a two part esophagus
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If a nematode lives and feeds inside the plant it is...
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endoparasitic
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If a nematode lives and feeds outside the plant it is...
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ectoparasitic
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Define sedentary and migratory
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When nematodes either stay in one spot or move
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3 methods for extracting nematodes
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Baermann funnel
Cobb sieving Density centrifugation |
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when a parasite preys on a dead host
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Saprophytism
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A strain is ________ when it is able to grow in the presence of the chemical that originally inhibited its growth.
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Resistant
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Strains of a pathogen that differ from other strains in their ability to cause disease in a particular cultivar are called...
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races
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A group of varieties used to identify rust races is called a set of ....
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differential cultivars
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How does agrobacterium tumefaciens infect plants?
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Wounds
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How does agrobacterium tumefaciens affect the plant
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gives it new dna which causes it to grow abnormally, forming galls at the wound site
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What is a good biological control for the control of the agrobacterium species
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K84+
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What does K84+ do?
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it produces and antibiotic called agrocin that inhibits the growth of agrobacterium
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