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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three fundamental modes of existence
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Sessile (Attached) or Motile
Aquatic or Terrestrial Small or Large |
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same basic challenges:
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Find and digest food
Find a mate and reproduce Avoid being eaten while doing 1 and 2 Maintain balance with fluids and salts Circulate nutrients Remove waste products |
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cephalized
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develop a head, a brain, and a central nervous system
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desiccation
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Tissues dry out
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Skeletal system
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endoskeleton or exoskeleton
Root-shoot system for plants |
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Problem:
Aquatic organisms rely on ammonia, which requires a large amount of water to dissolve |
Solution:
Use urea or uric acid, which require less water to dissolve |
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nephridia
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simple tubes
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surface area / volume ratio
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Larger animals have more volume relative to their surface area
Some cells or tissues will be far away from the outside surface Diffusion will not be fast enough to move food, gases wastes to and from inner cells |
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vascular system
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tubes to carry materials back and forth
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coelom
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hollow fluid-filled core
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Opisthokonta
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Phylum Choanoflagellata
Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia |
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Coloniality
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specialization of cells
division of labor communication between cells |
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choanoflagellates
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identical to the feeding cells of the common sponge (more later)
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Subkingdom Eumetazoa
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All other animals
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Subkingdom Parazoa
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Sponges, Placozoa
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zygote
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comes from Haploid gametes of unequal size – egg and sperm
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blastula
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the early developmental stage of an animal, following the zygote stage
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blastocoel
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cavity of blastula
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blastopore
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opening in central cavity, becomes mesoderm
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endoderm
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“skin within”, forms gut, internal organs
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mesoderm
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“skin in the middle”, forms skeleton and muscles
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Ectoderm
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“the skin outside”, forms epidermis, nervous system
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Acoelomate
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- flatworms
Body lacks a coelom, solid except for crude internal “pouch” or GVC (gastrovascular cavity) |
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Pseudocoelomate
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- nematodes, rotifers -
Coelom is actually a fluid-filled remnant of the blastocoel |
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Coelomate (eucoelomate)
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- all others
Coelom is formed from the mesoderm, and lined by mesodermal membranes (the peritoneum) |
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Protostomes
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first mouth, blastopore becomes the mouth, anus opens opposite the mouth later on
Spiral cleavage in embryo - annelids, mollusks, arthropods |
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Deuterostomes
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second mouth, blastopore becomes the anus, mouth opens opposite the anus later on
Radial cleavage in embryo - echinoderms, chordates |
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segmentation
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Parts of the body can become specialized to perform different functions, leading ultimately to the most successful organisms, the arthropods and chordates
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hydrostatic skeleton
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Fluids are relatively incompressible, so the coelom acts as a hydrostatic skeleton
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Determinate cells
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fate set early on. for protostomes.
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indeterminant cells
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fate not set early on. deuterostomes.
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schizocoels
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coelom forms as a split in the mesoderm (protostomes)
Deuterostomes have enterocoels |
