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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you calculate mean blood pressure? Total peripheral resistance?
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Paverage= Pdiastolic + 1/3(Psys-Pdias)
TPR = mean BP/ CO |
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What regulates HCO3-? CO2?
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HCO3- - kidneys
CO2 - lung ventilation |
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What is shown in an increased DL? decreased?
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increased - recruitment and dilation of pulmonary capillaries
decreased - interstitial lung diseases, emphysema, V/Q imbalance |
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What are the main features of K channels? Na channels? Ca channels?
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K - maintain resting membrain potential, repolarization phase of AP, afterhyperpolarization
Na - upstroke phase of neuronal AP, Phase 0 of cardiac AP (myocyte), rapid inactivation - repolarization Ca - excitation-contraction coupling, excitation-secretion coupling, phase 0 of cardiace pacemaker cells (sinus node), cardiac plateau phase: Ca entry, intracellular Ca release (ryanodine receptor) |
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What is the major difference between active pumps and facilitated carriers?
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FC - take advantage of concentration gradients - don't need ATP
AP - derive their energy from ATP |
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What hormones/receptors increase cAMP? decrease?
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I - beta and H2 receptors, ACTH
D - alpha 2 receptors, M2 and 4 receptors |
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What do the nerve fibers Aalpha, Agamma, Abeta, Adelta, and B or C?
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alpha - efferent to skeletal muscles. afferent from muscle spindles
gamma - efferent to muscle spindle beta, delta - afferent touch, fast sharp pain C- afferent slow dull pain B,C - efferent autonomic pain |
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Which sensory modalities travel in the dorsal column? spinothalamic tract?
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DC - pressure (merkel cells), light touch (Meissner's, hair follicles), vibration (pacinian)
ST - pain and temp (free nerve endings) |
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What happens in myopia (near) and hypermetropia (far)?
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near - focal point too short (eyeball too long) - corrected with negative lens (concave)
far - focal point too far (eyeball too short) - corrected with positive lens (convex) |
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What cause the pathologic nystagmus problems?
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horizontal - vestibular
vertical - brainstem |
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What is seen on Rinne, Weber with conduction and nerve deafenss?
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R: C - bone conduction better than air
N - air conduction is better than bone conduction W: C - sound lateralized to sick ear N - Sound lateralized to normal ear |
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What is the role of the symp/parasymp NS on the pupils?
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symp - mydriasis (dilate)
para - miosis (constrict) |
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What are the locations of nicotinic receptors? muscarinic?
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N - autonomic ganglia, symp/para ganglia, adrenal medulla, neuromuscular junction
M - postsynaptic parasympathetic, sweat glands |
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What is the difference in alpha1 and alpha 2 receptors?
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1 - postsynaptic sympathetic, generally excitatory (VC), inhibitory in GI tract. Gq - phospholipase C - IP3, DAG
2 - presynaptic sympathetic (decrease catecholamine release), CNS (decrease symp tone). Gi - inhibits adenylate cyclase - decrease cAMP |
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What effect does the Right Vagus N have on the heart? Left?
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R - slows frequency (sinus node)
L - slows conduction (AV node), decreased force of contraction (atria, not ventricles) |
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What are the functions of the muscle spindle? Golgi tendon organ?
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MS - measures muscle length, activates alpha-motorneuron when stretched (gamme efferent, 1A afferent)
GTO - measures muscle tension, inhibits alpha-motorneuron (1B afferent) |
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what is the difference between isotonic and isometric?
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tonic - force remains constant. muscle shortens during contraction
metric - force increases during contraction. length of muscle remains constant |
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What is the strength regulator of skeletal muscle, heart muscle, smooth muscle?
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skeletal - recruitment of motor units, AP frequency
heart - AP duration smooth - membrane potential, biochemical modulation of Ca sensitivity |
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What are the S1 and S2 sounds?
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1 - mitral closing
2 - aortic closing |
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What are the VC, FRC, RV, and TLC doing in Obstructive and restrictive lung diseases?
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Obstructive:
VC - no change or decrease FRC, RV, TLC - increase Restrictive: VC, FRC, RV, TLC - decrease |
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Will you ever administer O2 to a patient with COPD
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NO - may cause the pt to stop breathing
central CO2 receptors are less responsive in COPD peipheral O2 receptors are more important in COPD |
