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38 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

Skeletal cartilage

Made of some variety of cartilage tissue molded to fit its body location and function.

What does cartilage mostly consist of?

Water, which accounts for its resilience that is, its ability to spring back to its original shape after being compressed.

Perichondrium

~surrounds the cartilage and is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue.


~Acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion when the cartilage compressed.


~Contains the blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach the cartilage cells internally.



Hyaline Cartilage.

~looks like frosted glass when freshly exposed.


~Provides support with flexibility and resilience.


~Most abundant skeletal cartilage.


~Chondrocytes are spherical.



Skeletal Hyaline cartilages include...

~ Articular Fibers


~Costal Cartilages


~Respiratory cartilages


~Nasal cartilages.

Articular cartilages

cover the ends of most bones at movable joints

Costal cartilages

connect the ribs to the sternum

Respiratory cartilages

form the skeleton of the larynx (voicebox) and reinforce other respiratory passageways.

Nasal Cartilages.

supports the external nose.

elastic cartilages

~resemble hyaline cartilages, but contain more stretchy elastic fibers.


~found only in two skeletal locations (external ear and epiglottis)



Fibrocartilages

~Highly compressible with great tensile strength


~consist of roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers.

Appositional growth

~"growth from outside"


~Cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue.

Interstitial growth

~"Growth from the inside"


~The lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.

axial skeleton

forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. These bones protect, support, or carry, other body parts.

appendicular skeleton

consist of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder and hip bones) that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

Long Bones

~longer than they are wide.


~Has a shaft with two ends which are often expanded.

Short Bones.

~Roughly cube shaped.



Sesamoid bones

~"shaped like a sesame seed"


~special type of short bone that form in the tendon.


~act to alter the direction of pull of a tendon

Flat bones

~thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved.

Irregular bones

~complicated shapes.

7 important functions of bones.

1. Support


2. Protection


3. Movement


4. Mineral and growth Factor storage


5. Blood cell formation


6. Triglyceride (fat) storage


7. Hormone production.

Support

Bones provide a framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs.

Protection

The fused bones of the skull protect the brain. The vertebrae cover the spinal chord.

Movement

Skeletal muscles which attach to bones by tendons, use bones as levers to move the body and its parts.

Mineral and growth factor storage

~Bone is a reservoir of minerals, most importantly calcium and phosphate.


~The stored minerals are released into the bloodstream in their ionic form as needed for distribution to all part of the body.

Blood cell formation

occurs in the red marrow cavities of certain bones.

triglyceride (fat) storage.

Fat is stored in bone cavities.

Hormone production

~bones produce osteocalcin, which is a hormone that not only helps regulate bone formation, but also protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, and diabetes mellitus.

Osteology

study of bone structure and disorders/functions

Epiphysis

this part is at the extreme ends of the bone where joints form

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone, which is the direction at which the bone can withstand the most amount of stress.

Metaphysis

the place where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis this is where major bone growth occurs, as well as where blood enters the bone.

Periosteum

a thin membrane that covers the outside of the bone, where tendons and ligaments attach to the bone. The outer fibrous layer is where blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics connect to the bone, while the inner osteogenic layer has bone cells necessary for the growth and repair of bone.

Medullary (or marrow) cavity

Hollow cavity that contains osteoprogentor cells (unspecialized bone cells)

what are the 2 layers of the Periosteum?

Fibrous layer and Osteogenic Layer

Fibrous layer

~sources periosteum to bone


~Sharpey's Fibers: Collagen tufts


~Outside

Osteogenic layer

~Nearest to bone surface on inside


~Osteogenic + clasts-Make + break bone


~Inside.

Periosteum is needed for...

~growth and repair


~Point of attachment for ligaments and tendons