Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1.True / False: Nutrients for cells within skeletal cartilage are not delivered directly to the
cells by the blood, but must instead diffuse from a remote region. |
TRUE
|
|
2. True / False: Skeletal cartilage is avascular.
|
TRUE
|
|
3. True / False: Skeletal cartilage is innervated.
|
FALSE
|
|
Skeletal cartilage is enclosed by the _____, which is made of _____, so that it can resist
outward expansion. |
perichondrium; dense irregular
connective tissue |
|
5. _____ cartilage covers ends of long bones.
|
Articular
|
|
6. _____ cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum.
|
Costal
|
|
7. _____ cartilage makes up the larynx and reinforces air passages.
|
Respiratory
|
|
8. _____ cartilage supports the nose.
|
Nasal
|
|
9. Articular cartilage is composed of _____.
|
hyaline cartilage
|
|
10. Costal cartilage is composed of _____.
|
hyaline cartilage
|
|
11. Respiratory cartilage is composed of _____.
|
hyaline cartilage
|
|
12. Nasal cartilage is composed of _____.
|
hyaline cartilage
|
|
13. _____ cartilage is strong, moderately flexible, and resilient, but does not stretch or bend
very far. |
Hyaline
|
|
14. _____ cartilage is fairly strong, very flexible, and somewhat stretchable.
|
Elastic
|
|
15. _____ <which type of cartilage?> is very strong and extremely resistant to compression,
but does not stretch or bend. |
Fibrocartilage
|
|
16. The external ear and epiglottis are made of _____ cartilage.
|
elastic
|
|
17. The shock-absorbing cartilage in the knee and between the vertebral disks is made of
_____. |
fibrocartilage
|
|
18. In _____ growth, cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of
existing cartilage. |
appositional
|
|
19. In _____ growth, lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix.
|
interstitial
|
|
20. Calcification (in which cartilage becomes bone) occurs at two times: _____ and (less
desirably) _____. |
during bone growth; in old age
|
|
21. The bones of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column make up the _____ skeleton.
|
axial
|
|
22. The bones of the limbs, shoulders, and hips make up the _____ skeleton.
|
appendicular
|
|
23. Bones are classified by shape as being _____, _____, _____ or _____.
|
long, short, flat, irregular
|
|
Bones provide support, protection, and leverage for movement: in addition, they serve two
other purposes, _____ and _____. |
mineral storage; blood
formation |
|
25. The tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones is called the _____, which is composed
of _____ bone surrounding a central _____. |
. diaphysis; compact; cavity
|
|
26. _____ is found in the central (medullary) cavity of an adult's long bones, and is composed
of fat. |
Yellow marrow
|
|
The _____ are the expanded ends of long bones: The exterior is _____ bone, and the
interior is _____ bone. |
epiphyses; compact; spongy
(or cancellous) |
|
28. Cancellous bone is found in the _____ of long bones.
|
epiphyses
|
|
29. The exterior surface of the epiphyses of long bones is covered with _____ cartilage.
|
articular or hyaline
|
|
30. The line that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis in a long bone is called the
_____. |
epiphyseal line
|
|
31. The perimeter of the bone is covered with a two-layered membrane called the _____.
|
periosteum
|
|
32. The periosteum's outer layer is composed of _____.
|
dense irregular connective
tissue |
|
33. osteoblasts and osteoclasts
|
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
|
|
34. True / False: The periosteum has an extensive vasculature.
|
TRUE
|
|
35. True / False: The periosteum is highly innervated.
|
TRUE
|
|
36. True / False: The periosteum lacks lymphatic vessels.
|
FALSE
|
|
37. The periosteum is held to the bone by _____ fibers.
|
Sharpey's or perforating
|
|
38. The inner surface of the bone, where it meets the marrow, is covered by a delicate
membrane called the _____. |
endosteum
|
|
39. Flat bones contain bone marrow between the _____ (bony bridges of spongy bone).
|
trabeculae
|
|
40. Flat bones are thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with
endosteum-covered _____ called _____ on the inside. |
spongy bone; diploë
|
|
41. In infants, red marrow, which makes blood cells, is found in the _____ and _____.
|
medullary cavity; all areas of
spongy bone |
|
In adults, red marrow is found in the _____, _____ and _____. The rest has been
replaced by yellow marrow. |
diploë of flat bones; head of the
femur; head of the humerus |
|
43. A canal is also a(n) _____.
|
passage or opening through a
bone |
|
44. On a bone, a(n) _____ is a structure which protrudes from a bone. These are often
named for what they protrude toward. |
process
|
|
45. On a bone, a(n) _____ is similar to a process, but is usually named for the bone on which
it is found. |
protuberance
|
|
46. On a bone, a(n) _____ is also similar to a process, but is one which articulates with
another bone and allows motion between them. |
condyle
|
|
47. On a bone, a(n) _____ is a narrow ridge. A(n) _____ is a smaller version.
|
crest; line
|
|
48. On a bone, a(n) _____ is a deep groove or notch.
|
fissure
|
|
49. On a bone, a(n) _____ is a large, rounded projection. A small, rounded projection is called
a(n) _____. |
tuberosity; tubercle
|
|
50. On the femur, a(n) _____ refers to a large, blunt, unevenly shaped process.
|
trochanter
|
|
51. A raised area on a condyle is called a(n) _____.
|
epicondyle
|
|
52. A sharp, axe-like or needle-like projection on a bone is called a(n) _____.
|
spine
|
|
53. A bony bulb or structure on a narrow neck is called a(n) _____.
|
head
|
|
54. The flat, smooth face on a bone where it meets another bone is called a(n) _____.
|
facet
|
|
Compact bone consists of long, multi-layered cylinders called _____, surrounding a
central, blood-vessel and nerve-containing canal called the _____. |
osteons (or the Haversian
systems); Haversian canal |
|
Blood vessels and nerves may move from one Haversian canal to another by detouring
through a(n) _____. |
perforating (or Volkmann's)
canal |
|
57. Osteocytes in lacunae within an osteon maintain contact with one another by extending
processes through _____. |
canaliculi
|
|
58. Bone-building cells are called _____.
|
osteoblasts
|
|
59. Cells that dissolve bone are called _____.
|
osteoclasts
|
|
60.Young, dividing cells usually have names that end in _____; mature cells usually have
names that end in _____. |
blast; cyte
|
|
61. Mature bone cells are called _____.
|
osteocytes
|
|
62. The unmineralized, organic substances which makes up roughly 1/3 of the bone matrix is
called _____. |
osteoid
|
|
63. _____ in bone serves several purposes: it provides flexibility, stretch and twist resistance,
and - since neighboring molecules are connected by bonds that can break and re-form - shock resistance. |
Collagen
|
|
64. The fibers in adjacent lamella within an osteon spiral in _____ to provide resistance to
twisting forces. |
different directions
|
|
65. _____ is responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression.
|
Hydroxyapatite (or 'calcium
phosphate and other mineral salts') |
|
66. The body's main reserve store of calcium and phosphate buffer is _____.
|
bone
|
|
67When, during development, bone forms within a fibrous membrane, the process is called
_____. |
intramembranous ossification
|
|
68. Most bone is formed by calcification of hyaline cartilage, a process called _____.
|
endochondral ossification
|
|
69. During long bone formation, calcification of the _____ begins before any other region of
the bone. |
diaphysis
|
|
70. Long bone growth involves two major processes _____ and _____.
|
growth; remodeling (or
resorption) |
|
71. Long bones get thicker in a process called _____ growth, which is the task of the
osteoblasts in the _____. |
appositional; periosteum
|
|
72. The length of long bones is increased by calcification of cartilage within each epiphysis,
on the cartilage surface that is [closest to / farthest from] the diaphysis. |
closest to
|
|
73. A 'remodeling unit' in a bone consists of an adjacent _____ and _____.
|
osteoblast; osteoclast
|
|
74. Remodeling units are found at the _____ and _____ surfaces.
|
periosteal; endosteal
|
|
75. Resorption involves osteoclast secretion of _____ that convert calcium salts into soluble
forms and _____ that digest the organic matrix (collagen, etc.). |
acids; lysosomal enzymes
|
|
76. In children, long bone growth occurs primarily at the _____.
|
epiphyseal plate
|
|
The epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone to form the epiphyseal line under the influence
of _____. |
sex hormones (or testosterone
or estrogen) |
|
Formation of gender-specific skeletal structures (wide hips in female, etc.) are triggered by
_____. |
sex hormones (or testosterone
or estrogen) |
|
79. Two types of signal induce bone remodeling: _____ and _____.
|
chemical or hormonal; physical
or mechanical or flexion |
|
80. Spongy bone is completely replaced every _____; compact bone, every _____ or so.
|
3-4 yrs; 10 years
|
|
The two opposing hormones which are the primary controls of bone calcification or
decalcification are _____ (which pulls calcium from bone) and _____ (which adds calcium to bone). |
PTH (or parathyroid hormone);
calcitonin |
|
82. The fact that a bone will thicken and strengthen in response to the stress placed upon it is
called _____. |
Wolff's Law
|
|
83. A bone break that shatters the bone into several pieces is a(n) _____ fracture.
|
comminuted
|
|
84. A crushing injury to a bone is a(n) _____ fracture.
|
compression
|
|
85. A fracture resulting from twisting is a(n) _____ fracture.
|
spiral
|
|
86. Separation of the diaphysis and epiphysis is a(n) _____ fracture (and occurs in children).
|
epiphyseal
|
|
87. A blow to the head often results in a(n) _____ fracture.
|
depression
|
|
88. An incomplete break is called a(n) _____ fracture.
|
greenstick
|
|
89. Put the following events of fracture repair in the correct order:
(A) spongy bone formation (B) bone remodeling (C) hemotoma formation (D) fibrocartilage deposition and capillary formation <Note: do not memorize the letter-order in the answer to this question, know the events!> |
C, D, A, B
|
|
90. _____ is due to improper bone calcification, and leads to soft, weak bones. It is usually
due to a dietary deficiency. |
Osteomalacia
|
|
91. _____ results from over-active bone remodeling. The result is too much spongy bone (and
too little compact bone) and bone deformities due to the formation of new structures. |
Paget's disease
|
|
92. In _____, bone resorption outpaces deposition. It leads to extremely brittle bones and is
very common in advanced old age. |
osteoporosis
|
|
93. True / False: Drugs have been developed which can prevent osteoporosis if it is caught
early. |
TRUE
|
|
94.True / False: Endurance exercise is more effective than weight-lifting in the prevention of
osteoporosis. |
FALSE
|
|
95. True / False: Ossification of the skeleton occurs in such a predictable pattern that it can be
used to determine fetal age. |
TRUE
|