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95 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
1.True / False: Nutrients for cells within skeletal cartilage are not delivered directly to the
cells by the blood, but must instead diffuse from a remote region.
TRUE
2. True / False: Skeletal cartilage is avascular.
TRUE
3. True / False: Skeletal cartilage is innervated.
FALSE
Skeletal cartilage is enclosed by the _____, which is made of _____, so that it can resist
outward expansion.
perichondrium; dense irregular
connective tissue
5. _____ cartilage covers ends of long bones.
Articular
6. _____ cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum.
Costal
7. _____ cartilage makes up the larynx and reinforces air passages.
Respiratory
8. _____ cartilage supports the nose.
Nasal
9. Articular cartilage is composed of _____.
hyaline cartilage
10. Costal cartilage is composed of _____.
hyaline cartilage
11. Respiratory cartilage is composed of _____.
hyaline cartilage
12. Nasal cartilage is composed of _____.
hyaline cartilage
13. _____ cartilage is strong, moderately flexible, and resilient, but does not stretch or bend
very far.
Hyaline
14. _____ cartilage is fairly strong, very flexible, and somewhat stretchable.
Elastic
15. _____ <which type of cartilage?> is very strong and extremely resistant to compression,
but does not stretch or bend.
Fibrocartilage
16. The external ear and epiglottis are made of _____ cartilage.
elastic
17. The shock-absorbing cartilage in the knee and between the vertebral disks is made of
_____.
fibrocartilage
18. In _____ growth, cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of
existing cartilage.
appositional
19. In _____ growth, lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix.
interstitial
20. Calcification (in which cartilage becomes bone) occurs at two times: _____ and (less
desirably) _____.
during bone growth; in old age
21. The bones of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column make up the _____ skeleton.
axial
22. The bones of the limbs, shoulders, and hips make up the _____ skeleton.
appendicular
23. Bones are classified by shape as being _____, _____, _____ or _____.
long, short, flat, irregular
Bones provide support, protection, and leverage for movement: in addition, they serve two
other purposes, _____ and _____.
mineral storage; blood
formation
25. The tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones is called the _____, which is composed
of _____ bone surrounding a central _____.
. diaphysis; compact; cavity
26. _____ is found in the central (medullary) cavity of an adult's long bones, and is composed
of fat.
Yellow marrow
The _____ are the expanded ends of long bones: The exterior is _____ bone, and the
interior is _____ bone.
epiphyses; compact; spongy
(or cancellous)
28. Cancellous bone is found in the _____ of long bones.
epiphyses
29. The exterior surface of the epiphyses of long bones is covered with _____ cartilage.
articular or hyaline
30. The line that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis in a long bone is called the
_____.
epiphyseal line
31. The perimeter of the bone is covered with a two-layered membrane called the _____.
periosteum
32. The periosteum's outer layer is composed of _____.
dense irregular connective
tissue
33. osteoblasts and osteoclasts
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
34. True / False: The periosteum has an extensive vasculature.
TRUE
35. True / False: The periosteum is highly innervated.
TRUE
36. True / False: The periosteum lacks lymphatic vessels.
FALSE
37. The periosteum is held to the bone by _____ fibers.
Sharpey's or perforating
38. The inner surface of the bone, where it meets the marrow, is covered by a delicate
membrane called the _____.
endosteum
39. Flat bones contain bone marrow between the _____ (bony bridges of spongy bone).
trabeculae
40. Flat bones are thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with
endosteum-covered _____ called _____ on the inside.
spongy bone; diploë
41. In infants, red marrow, which makes blood cells, is found in the _____ and _____.
medullary cavity; all areas of
spongy bone
In adults, red marrow is found in the _____, _____ and _____. The rest has been
replaced by yellow marrow.
diploë of flat bones; head of the
femur; head of the humerus
43. A canal is also a(n) _____.
passage or opening through a
bone
44. On a bone, a(n) _____ is a structure which protrudes from a bone. These are often
named for what they protrude toward.
process
45. On a bone, a(n) _____ is similar to a process, but is usually named for the bone on which
it is found.
protuberance
46. On a bone, a(n) _____ is also similar to a process, but is one which articulates with
another bone and allows motion between them.
condyle
47. On a bone, a(n) _____ is a narrow ridge. A(n) _____ is a smaller version.
crest; line
48. On a bone, a(n) _____ is a deep groove or notch.
fissure
49. On a bone, a(n) _____ is a large, rounded projection. A small, rounded projection is called
a(n) _____.
tuberosity; tubercle
50. On the femur, a(n) _____ refers to a large, blunt, unevenly shaped process.
trochanter
51. A raised area on a condyle is called a(n) _____.
epicondyle
52. A sharp, axe-like or needle-like projection on a bone is called a(n) _____.
spine
53. A bony bulb or structure on a narrow neck is called a(n) _____.
head
54. The flat, smooth face on a bone where it meets another bone is called a(n) _____.
facet
Compact bone consists of long, multi-layered cylinders called _____, surrounding a
central, blood-vessel and nerve-containing canal called the _____.
osteons (or the Haversian
systems); Haversian canal
Blood vessels and nerves may move from one Haversian canal to another by detouring
through a(n) _____.
perforating (or Volkmann's)
canal
57. Osteocytes in lacunae within an osteon maintain contact with one another by extending
processes through _____.
canaliculi
58. Bone-building cells are called _____.
osteoblasts
59. Cells that dissolve bone are called _____.
osteoclasts
60.Young, dividing cells usually have names that end in _____; mature cells usually have
names that end in _____.
blast; cyte
61. Mature bone cells are called _____.
osteocytes
62. The unmineralized, organic substances which makes up roughly 1/3 of the bone matrix is
called _____.
osteoid
63. _____ in bone serves several purposes: it provides flexibility, stretch and twist resistance,
and - since neighboring molecules are connected by bonds that can break and re-form -
shock resistance.
Collagen
64. The fibers in adjacent lamella within an osteon spiral in _____ to provide resistance to
twisting forces.
different directions
65. _____ is responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression.
Hydroxyapatite (or 'calcium
phosphate and other mineral
salts')
66. The body's main reserve store of calcium and phosphate buffer is _____.
bone
67When, during development, bone forms within a fibrous membrane, the process is called
_____.
intramembranous ossification
68. Most bone is formed by calcification of hyaline cartilage, a process called _____.
endochondral ossification
69. During long bone formation, calcification of the _____ begins before any other region of
the bone.
diaphysis
70. Long bone growth involves two major processes _____ and _____.
growth; remodeling (or
resorption)
71. Long bones get thicker in a process called _____ growth, which is the task of the
osteoblasts in the _____.
appositional; periosteum
72. The length of long bones is increased by calcification of cartilage within each epiphysis,
on the cartilage surface that is [closest to / farthest from] the diaphysis.
closest to
73. A 'remodeling unit' in a bone consists of an adjacent _____ and _____.
osteoblast; osteoclast
74. Remodeling units are found at the _____ and _____ surfaces.
periosteal; endosteal
75. Resorption involves osteoclast secretion of _____ that convert calcium salts into soluble
forms and _____ that digest the organic matrix (collagen, etc.).
acids; lysosomal enzymes
76. In children, long bone growth occurs primarily at the _____.
epiphyseal plate
The epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone to form the epiphyseal line under the influence
of _____.
sex hormones (or testosterone
or estrogen)
Formation of gender-specific skeletal structures (wide hips in female, etc.) are triggered by
_____.
sex hormones (or testosterone
or estrogen)
79. Two types of signal induce bone remodeling: _____ and _____.
chemical or hormonal; physical
or mechanical or flexion
80. Spongy bone is completely replaced every _____; compact bone, every _____ or so.
3-4 yrs; 10 years
The two opposing hormones which are the primary controls of bone calcification or
decalcification are _____ (which pulls calcium from bone) and _____ (which adds calcium
to bone).
PTH (or parathyroid hormone);
calcitonin
82. The fact that a bone will thicken and strengthen in response to the stress placed upon it is
called _____.
Wolff's Law
83. A bone break that shatters the bone into several pieces is a(n) _____ fracture.
comminuted
84. A crushing injury to a bone is a(n) _____ fracture.
compression
85. A fracture resulting from twisting is a(n) _____ fracture.
spiral
86. Separation of the diaphysis and epiphysis is a(n) _____ fracture (and occurs in children).
epiphyseal
87. A blow to the head often results in a(n) _____ fracture.
depression
88. An incomplete break is called a(n) _____ fracture.
greenstick
89. Put the following events of fracture repair in the correct order:
(A) spongy bone formation
(B) bone remodeling
(C) hemotoma formation
(D) fibrocartilage deposition and capillary formation
<Note: do not memorize the letter-order in the answer to this question, know the events!>
C, D, A, B
90. _____ is due to improper bone calcification, and leads to soft, weak bones. It is usually
due to a dietary deficiency.
Osteomalacia
91. _____ results from over-active bone remodeling. The result is too much spongy bone (and
too little compact bone) and bone deformities due to the formation of new structures.
Paget's disease
92. In _____, bone resorption outpaces deposition. It leads to extremely brittle bones and is
very common in advanced old age.
osteoporosis
93. True / False: Drugs have been developed which can prevent osteoporosis if it is caught
early.
TRUE
94.True / False: Endurance exercise is more effective than weight-lifting in the prevention of
osteoporosis.
FALSE
95. True / False: Ossification of the skeleton occurs in such a predictable pattern that it can be
used to determine fetal age.
TRUE