Bones

Front 1

Types of Bone - Diagram

Back 1

Front 2

Bone Structure - Diagram

Back 2

Front 3

Bone Histology - Diagram

Back 3

Front 4

Spongy & Compact Bone Histology - Diagram

Back 4

Front 5

Compact Bone Histology - Diagram

Back 5

Front 6

Cross Section of Dried Compact Bone - Diagram

Back 6

Front 7

What are the 2 main types of bone?

Back 7

Compact, or cortical and spongy, or cancellous

Front 8

What is Wolff's Law of Bone Adaptation?

Back 8

Bone models and remodels in response to the mechanical stresses it experiences so as to produce a minimal-weight structure that is "adapted" to its applied stresses

Front 9

What are the 2 types of ossification?

Back 9

Intramembranous and endochrondral

Front 10

What is intramembranous ossification?

Back 10

When a bone develops from a fibrous membrane & results in the formation of cranial bones of the skull & clavicles. Mostly flat bones; starts ~ week 8 of development in mesenchymal cells

Front 11

What is endochrondral ossification?

Back 11

An embryonic process in which hyaline cartilage functions as a pattern for bone formation; forms all the bones of the body except clavicles and skull; begins in 2nd month of development

Front 12

What are the 6 bone groups w/ examples?

Back 12

1. Flat, ex. sternum
2. Irregular, ex. vertebrae
3. Long, ex. humerus
4. Sesamoid, ex. patella
5. Sutural (Wormian), ex. lambdoid suture in skull

Front 13

What is the axial skeleton?

Back 13

The long axis of the body; includes skull, vertebral column and rib cage

Front 14

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Back 14

Bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach them

Front 15

What are the 3 types of bone markings?

Back 15

1. Cavities
2. Depressions
3. Projections

Front 16

Sinus

Back 16

A cavity w/in a bone, filled w/ air and lined w/ mucus membrane

Front 17

Fissure

Back 17

A narrow, slit-like opening

Front 18

Foramen

Back 18

A round or oval opening through a bone

Front 19

Fossa

Back 19

A shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Front 20

Groove

Back 20

A furrow in a bone

Front 21

Meatus

Back 21

A canal-like passageway

Front 22

Condyle

Back 22

A rounded articular projection

Front 23

Crest

Back 23

A narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

Front 24

Epicondyle

Back 24

A raised area on or above the condyle

Front 25

Facet

Back 25

A smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Front 26

Head

Back 26

A bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Front 27

Line

Back 27

A narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Front 28

Process

Back 28

Any bone prominence

Front 29

Ramus

Back 29

An arm-like bar of bone

Front 30

Spine

Back 30

A sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Front 31

Trochanter

Back 31

A very large blunt, irregularly shaped process

Front 32

Tubercle

Back 32

A small rounded projection or process

Front 33

Tuberosity

Back 33

A large rounded projection; may be roughened

Front 34

Articular cartilage

Back 34

Covers the ends of most bones at movable joints

Front 35

Diaphysis

Back 35

A tube, or shaft forming the long axis of the bone

Front 36

Endosteum

Back 36

Delicate connective tissue membrane covering the internal surfaces of long bone

Front 37

Epiphyseal line

Back 37

Between the diaphysis and each epiphysis

Front 38

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

Back 38

On long bone; A disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

Front 39

Epiphysis

Back 39

End of long bone

Front 40

Medullary cavity

Back 40

"Middle;" marrow cavity in long bone

Front 41

Nutrient foramen

Back 41

An opening in long bone for nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels

Front 42

Periosteum

Back 42

A glistening white, double-layered membrane covering the external surface of long bone, except joint surfaces

Front 43

Trabecula (ae)

Back 43

Honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces making up spongy bone

Front 44

Red marrow

Back 44

Hematopoietic tissue typically found w/in the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in deploe of flat bones

Front 45

Yellow marrow

Back 45

Fat found in long bones

Front 46

Canaliculi

Back 46

In compact bone; tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the 1st lamella and then from lamella to lamella

Front 47

Haversian canal

Back 47

Also "central canal;" runs through core of an osteon in compact bone and contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers

Front 48

Lacunae

Back 48

Small spaces at junctions of lamellae in compact bone; occupied by osteocytes

Front 49

Lamellae

Back 49

Matrix tubes composing osteon in compact bone; tubes layered around each other like rings on a tree

Front 50

Osteoblast

Back 50

Bone-forming cells

Front 51

Osteoclast

Back 51

Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

Front 52

Osteocyte

Back 52

Mature bone cell; spider-shaped; occupying lacunae

Front 53

Osteon (Haversian system)

Back 53

Structural unit of compact bone; elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone; group of hollow tubes of bone matrix

Front 54

Volkmann's canals

Back 54

Lie at right angles to the long axis in compact bone and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canals and medullary cavity

Front 55

Bronchial cartilage

Back 55

Reinforces the bronchia; hyaline

Front 56

Costal cartilages

Back 56

Connect the ribs to the sternum; hyaline

Front 57

Intervertebral discs

Back 57

Discs between vertebrae; fibrocartilage

Front 58

Laryngeal cartilages

Back 58

Reinforce the larynx; hyaline cartilage

Front 59

Nasal cartilage

Back 59

Supports the external nose; hyaline

Front 60

Tracheal cartilages

Back 60

Reinforce the trachea; hyaline

Front 61

Perichondrium

Back 61

Fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the external surface of cartilaginous structures

Front 62

Elastic cartilage

Back 62

Contains more stretchy elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage and so are better able to stand up to repeated bending; only found in the external ear and the epiglottis

Front 63

Fibrocartilage

Back 63

Highly compressible w/ great tensile strength; parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating w/ thick collagen fibers; found in menisci of the knee and discs between vertebrae

Front 64

Hyaline cartilage

Back 64

Provides support w/ flexibility and resilience

Front 65

Scoliosis

Back 65

Abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column that occurs most often in the thoracic region

Front 66

Kyphosis

Back 66

Hunchback; dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column

Front 67

Lordosis

Back 67

Swayback; accentuated lumbar curvature

Front 68

Atlas vertebra

Back 68

C1; has no body and no spinous process

Front 69

Axis vertebra

Back 69

C2; has knob-like "dens" projecting superiorly from body

Front 70

Dens of C2

Back 70

Knob-like projection; acts as pivot for atlas rotation

Front 71

What are the 3 groups of vertebrae and how many are there in each group?

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1. Cervical (neck) - 7
2. Thoracic - 12
3. Lumbar - 5

Front 72

Nucleus pulposus

Back 72

Inner gelatinous; gives disc its elasticity and compressibility

Front 73

Annulus fibrosus

Back 73

A strong collar composed of collagen fibers

Front 74

True ribs

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Superior 7 rib pairs that attach directly to the sternum

Front 75

False ribs

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Inferior 5 pairs of ribs that attach indirectly to the sternum or entirely lacking a sternal attachment

Front 76

Vertebrochondral ribs

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Rib pairs 8-10 that attach to sternum indirectly

Front 77

Floating ribs

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Rib pairs 11 & 12; they have no anterior attachments

Front 78

7 bones that make up the orbit

Back 78

"Master Zeus Palpatates Seven Foxy Ladies Everyday"
1. Maxillary
2. Zygomatic
3. Palatine
4. Sphenoid
5. Frontal
6. Lacrimal
7. Ethmoid